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In this study, the author examines the possibility of including in Romania, in the private law contracts (civil or commercial), some hardship clauses, (the hard ship clause in the Anglo-Saxon law and in the foreign trade law), even if there is no explicit regulation in this respect in current Romanian positive law (there is an explicit regulation only in the new Romanian civil code – art. 1271 – , but this Code has not become effective yet and, at present, nobody knows when it will become effective). Further on, after defining the notion of “hardship clause”, the author, also taking into consideration the Romanian legal doctrine in the matter, examines the field of application, as well as the conditions of the hardship clause. -
In this study, the author examines the possibility of including in Romania, in the private law contracts (civil or commercial), some hardship clauses, (the hard ship clause in the Anglo-Saxon law and in the foreign trade law), even if there is no explicit regulation in this respect in current Romanian positive law (there is an explicit regulation only in the new Romanian civil code – art. 1271 – , but this Code has not become effective yet and, at present, nobody knows when it will become effective). Further on, after defining the notion of “hardship clause”, the author, also taking into consideration the Romanian legal doctrine in the matter, examines the field of application, as well as the conditions of the hardship clause. Key words: Hardship clause in private law contracts; field of application and conditions in the current Romanian law. -
New regulatory agency contract and the new regulatory liability, both contained in the new Civil Code, has some innovative features, such as to update the rules of private according to the needs of contemporary society. Legal provisions are yet perfectly, returning doctrine designed to further research in this area. Quality and consistency can be confirmed by jurisprudence equitable solution, thoroughly motivated, able to offer real victims a chance to repair the damage by restoring the previous situation. -
Prin cererea de chemare în judecată, reclamantul a solicitat obligarea pârâtului la plata unor sume de bani cu titlu de daune-interese pentru neexecutarea unor obligații contractuale, acțiunea fiind înregistrată la Judecătoria Sectorului 3 București, instanța de la sediul reclamantului. În motivarea cererii principale s-a arătat că între părți s-a încheiat un contract de transport sub forma unei comenzi de transport și a anexei aferente. Pârâtul s-a obligat astfel să transporte marfa dintr-un anumit loc în altul, la o anumită temperatură. Întrucât acesta din urmă nu s-a prezentat la locul de destinație la ora stabilită în comanda de transport, destinatarul final nu a mai dorit marfa. Mai mult, cu ocazia recepției mărfii, s-a constatat că marfa fusese transportată în condiții necorespunzătoare, la o temperatură neconformă, mențiunea fiind înscrisă în CMR. În continuare, reclamantul a susținut că proprietarul mărfii, terț față de contractul de transport, ar fi suferit un prejudiciu din faptul că marfa nu a fost vândută cumpărătorului inițial, ci unui alt cumpărător la un preț inferior, rezultând o pagubă constând în diferența de preț dintre cele două vânzări. Acest prejudiciu a fost facturat de către terț reclamantului, care mai departe l-a refacturat către pârât. Prin întâmpinare, pârâtul a invocat, printre altele, excepția necompetenței teritoriale a Judecătoriei Sectorului 3 București, afirmând că nici comanda de transport, nici anexa ei nu au fost semnate și ștampilate, astfel că nu există un contract de transport. În replică, reclamantul a arătat că instanța judecătorească pe care a învestit-o cu soluționarea acțiunii este competentă, întrucât în cuprinsul anexei la comanda de transport se regăsește o clauză atributivă de competență, care stabilește competența de soluționare a litigiilor în favoarea instanțelor de la sediul reclamantului. Mai mult, susține că inexistența unui contract de transport nu poate fi reținută, dat fiind că, subsecvent comenzii de transport, au fost emise de către pârât un CMR semnat și ștampilat, o factură pentru transportul realizat în care se specifică „comanda nr. 77”, precum și o somație comunicată reclamantului prin care i s-a pus în vedere să achite prețul transportului. (Rezumat al susținerilor părților) -
This paper is a plea for adopting the legal conception on the notion of result of the offence. It points out both the shortcomings of the formal conception, which dominates the current theory on the result of the offence, as well as the shortcomings of the old naturalistic conception, which is still preserved today, being supported by the highly questionable theory of the civil tort liability. -
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On number of occasions, the Constitutional Court is in the position to determine whether a norm is constitutional or not, referring to the provisions of Article 1 (5) of the Constitution, republished version. In order to comply with the provisions of this article, it is necessary for the law, the obedience of which is required by the very first article of the Basic Law, to be clear, precise and predictable. There are numerous decisions of the Constitutional Court which state that the law is devoid of „quality”, i.e. the law is not clear, precise and predictable. The non-compliance of these requirements results in a violation of the provisions of Article 6 (1) of the Law No 24/2000 on normative technical norms for the drafting of normative acts, republished, subsequently amended and supplemented, according to which the draft of the normative act must establish necessary, sufficient and possible rules leading to the greatest legal stability and efficiency. Thus, whenever the legislator uses notions whose legal nature is uncertain or do not integrate from the conceptual point of view into the normative system, or when the legislator resorts to the use of innovative concepts in the normative acts and does not define them in their very content, the Constitutional Court will have all the reasons to establish that the provisions of Article 1 (5) of the Constitution are violated, the text being inadequately drafted. -
The legislator regulates the “Summoning and service of the procedural documents” in Articles 153-173 of Title IV of IInd Book of the Code of Civil Procedure, texts which largely take over the provisions of the 1865 Code concerning this procedure and, at the same time, establish some new solutions aimed at streamlining the procedure at issue and to adapt it to the new realities. In this study, the foregoing are examined in detail. -
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Reținerea unei împrejurări ca circumstanță atenuantă judiciară: a) este posibilă doar dacă ea reduce într-o asemenea măsură gravitatea infracțiunii sau descrie atât de favorabil persoana infractorului, încât numai o diminuare a limitelor speciale este aptă să creeze un echilibru între rolurile aflictiv și educativ atașate pedepsei și să realizeze prevenția specială inerentă acesteia; b) atrage îndeplinirea de către instanță a obligațiilor de a indica împrejurarea care constituie circumstanță atenuantă, de a face referire la mijloacele de probă din care ea rezultă și de a o încadra în ipotezele prevăzute de lege. -
The Civil Procedure Code reserves only five articles to the court costs and this study will emphasize the fact that this area exceeds the regulatory scope of the Civil Procedure Code, having connections also with other normative acts, as well as the circumstance that the assessment of the quantum of court costs is an aspect left to the enlightenment and wisdom of the judge, the legislator offering few criteria for evaluating their extent. The purpose of the present study is to provide an overview of the judicial costs, as well as to delimit the scope of the costs that can be recovered as a result of winning the trial from the costs that the courts did not approve. We will submit to the analysis the notion of costs, their legal nature, but also the legal basis underlying their award. Likewise, we will stop on the modality in which the court costs can be reduced or even rejected by the court. A separate part of the present paper will be devoted to the analysis of the lawyer’s fee, as part of the court costs. In this section, we will make a presentation of the different ways of establishing the lawyer’s fee, stopping, in particular, at the success fee, which we will define and delimit from the pact of de quota litis. At the end of the paper, we will offer some proposals de lege ferenda regarding the evaluation of the court costs, the necessity of legal regulation of the success fee and of the costs requested separately.
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This paper aims to provide an analysis of the assignment of claim established by a nominative title, promissory note or bearer bond from the perspective of the regulation offered by the current Civil Code, with reference to the special laws that establish the legal status of these titles, including the conditions of their transmission. Thus, the analysis of the general provisions contained in the Civil Code had in view the opinions expressed in the specialised doctrine, both the one prior to the entry into force of the current Civil Code and the latest doctrine, as well as the provisions included in the special laws applicable in the matter. -
Introducing Article 1282 (2) created a new dimension in the new Civil Code as regards the application of the groups of contracts, as well as the transmission of accessories with the main asset on the descending or even ascending line of the contract chain. At the same time, the text of the law is the legal basis for formulating a direct action in guarantee which, as we shall see in the present study, is in some cases complemented by other express texts of law referring to particular cases of transmission of a right to action within the group of contracts. In the present study, we attempted to make a comparative analysis between the assignment of contract and the assignment of ancillary contractual rights or obligations, since, although the two transactions are similar, it also presents many differences that need to be highlighted. At the same time, we made a brief leap in common law, as well as European law on the notion of assignment of contractual accessories. Though, the subject is far from being covered by the present study, we consider that we have reached the main points on what Article 1282 (2) in the new Civil Code establishes, as well as its practical effects, and the comparative perspective with English, Scottish, Spanish, German and, last but not least, European law clarifies or strengthens some aspects as regards the rationale for the introduction of the text.
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The importance of the crediting relations in a market economy justifies the attempts of the legislator to periodically reform the legal regime of security interests necessary for the performance of obligations. The change in Romania began in 1999 by abolishing the interdiction on movable property mortgaging (and establishment of the so-called security interest in movable property) was continued by the new Civil Code, which has introduced new instruments of obligational law, as well as rules that allow an increased dynamics of the real mortgage right. This study deals with the autonomous assignment of the real estate mortgage right, as well as with the possibility of changing the mortgage rank in the same matter. Even if the practice has not known yet a serious application of these operations, the raised issues should be approached, both for theoretical clarification and in order to detect the intention of the Romanian legislator in respect of the extent of the ancillary nature of the mortgage against the secured claim. -
In this study, the author starts by finding that there is a divergent case law regarding the admission of the application for declaration of enforceability filed by the court executor under Article 666 of the Civil Procedure Code in the event that the enforcement title is represented by a final judgment whereby the debtor is obliged to pay a sum of money to the creditor and the proof thereof is made by a registry certificate (ad similis, an authenticated copy of the minutes drawn up and signed by the members of the court panel). The author finds that the limited doctrine that analyzed the casuistry described above reaches also diametrically opposite conclusions. In this context, making his own analysis, the author comes to the conclusion that in the above-mentioned hypothesis it is correct the solution of the courts which have admitted the applications for declaration of enforcement, based mainly on arguments related to the probative force of the registry certificate, the existence of the court judgment from the date of its pronouncement in the public hearing as the last stage of the trial (i.e., the first phase of the civil trial), since it has full legal effects, as well as on the desideratum of celerity, which governs the second stage of the civil trial, recte the enforcement. Noting that the existence of a divergent case law by which identical juridical situations are solved is likely to lead to the weakening of trust in the act of justice, the author urges for the most urgent use by the actors entitled ope legis of the means for ensuring a unitary judicial practice stated by the provisions of the Civil Procedure Code and of the Internal Rules of the courts of 2015.
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The Insolvency Code, in Article 65, provides as follows: „(1) The procedure shall be initiated on the basis of an application filed to the tribunal by the debtor, by one or more creditors, or by the persons or institutions expressly provided by the law. (2) The Financial Supervisory Authority files an application against the entities regulated and supervised by it, which, according to the data available to it, satisfy the criteria provided in the special legal provisions for opening the procedure provided by this Law.” As such, it can be said that the scope of the persons to whom it is recognized the right to refer the matter to the court is delimited by the legal provisions, excluding the ex officio referral to the tribunal, contained in the old regulation of the Commercial Code. The Framework-Law shows very clearly that the debtor in insolvency is obliged to submit an application to the tribunal in order to be subject to the provisions of this Law, within maximum 30 days of the occurrence of the state of insolvency, being able to come before the tribunal with such an application also the debtor for whom the occurrence of the state of insolvency is imminent (Article 66), any creditor entitled to request the opening of the procedure provided in this normative act against a debtor presumed to be in insolvency having the right to initiate, in its turn, an introductory application (Article 70). Given that the debtor himself is the most suitable person to know the state of insolvency or the imminent insolvency of his patrimony, it was normal for the legislator to admit that it had an important role in the initiation of the collective procedure. The creditors, not having the right to request the opening of the imminent insolvency procedure, but only for current (presumed) insolvency, could not act before a real and manifest imbalance was produced in the debtor’s patrimony, when the financial difficulties were already revealed by the inability to pay the due obligations.
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Questioned by an alleged absence of their own method and investigation field, legal science and research are fully legitimised in reality. Legal doctrine research deals with formal sources of law, and results in deduction and explanation of legal rules. Legal scientific research deals with legal rules in force from a formal point of view and refers to the legitimation (delegitimation) of legal rules of substantial law; its method is the deduction of general principles of law as a specific normative subsystem within the social system and the relation of the legal rules to these principles. -
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In the regulation of the new Criminal Procedure Code the recourse in cassation is an extraordinary legal remedy exercised only in cases expressly provided by law and only on grounds of unlawfulness. The recourse in cassation is the extraordinary remedy through which the interested parties or the prosecutor may request the High Court, in the conditions and for the reasons expressly and limitatively provided by law, to reform the final judgements in certain cases provided by law. Practically, the recourse in cassation is designed as an extraordinary legal remedy or otherwise, as a last level of jurisdiction within which the parties can defend their rights, by removing the effects of the final judgments pronounced under the conditions of the five cases of unlawfulness provided by Article 438 of the Criminal Procedure Code and does not involve the examination of all aspects of the case, but only the review of the legality of the contested judgment, respectively its consistency with the provisions of the applicable substantive and procedural law. We intend to present the five cases of recourse in cassation by an extensive examination of the doctrine and practice of the High Court of Cassation and Justice.
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The article aims to review a recent and very controversial decision of the Appellate Division within the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, dated November 16th, 2012, under which were acquitted two Croatian generals, notorious figures of the civil war in the former Yugoslavia, for several war crimes and crimes against humanity, in a surprising manner since it abolished entirely the decision passed by the Court of First Instance, that had indicted these defendants, and gave special interpretations to a number of institutions of law, in respect of which was already crystalized a constant judicial practice of this Court. -
The brief presentation of the appearance and evolution of the case of annulment provided under point 171 of art. 3859 parag. 1 of the Criminal Procedure Code in force, which mentions that the judgments under appeal are subject to annulment, “when the judgment is contrary to the law or when an erroneous application of the law was made by the judgment”, of the issues of unconstitutionality, of the provisions of art. 13 of the Convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, of the practice of the European Court of Human Rights represent the arguments of the article for the need and justification of introducing the case of annulment provided under art. 3859 parag. 1 point 172 of the Criminal Procedure Code by the Law on certain measures to accelerate the settlement of trials, which guarantees that jurisdictions can effectively control the legality of the judgment, both in relation to the substantive rules and to the procedure rules, being vested with the prerogative of the possibility to annul the judgment subject to appeal. -
In this study, the author reviews the issue of pilot cases before the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR praetorian jurisprudence, hardly known), insisting also on the most important pilot cases filed with the Court’s jurisdiction, focusing thereupon on the Romanian Case, related to pilot cases’ new procedure, especially on the subject of property restitution.
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Causes leading to change of punishment are such conditions, circumstances or contexts which are exterior to the contents of the crime and which outline a higher or lower level of social danger of the deed or of dangerous behavior of the criminal, thus determining a change of punishment, either in terms of quantity (in the form of duration or amount), or in terms of quality (change of one main punishment by another). In these causes, a distinction is made between attenuating and aggravating causes. The attenuating causes category includes attenuating conditions and attenuating circumstances, while the aggravating causes category includes aggravating conditions and aggravating circumstances.
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The following study concerns the causes of inadmissibility in the Romanian constitutional jurisdiction. Thus, after a series of preliminary considerations, the authors examine, in detail, in the light of the case law of the Constitutional Court of Romania, the following: – the causes of inadmissibility regarding the legality of the referral; – the causes of inadmissibility in connection with the authors of the referral; – the causes of inadmissibility referring to the motivation of the referral; – other elements related to the legality of the referral; – the causes of inadmissibility concerning the extent of the control; – the causes of inadmissibility referring to the jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court. -
Following the observations submitted to the Court of Justice of the European Union in the Case C-69/14 Târșia1, EUCJ gave, on 6 October 2015, a preliminary ruling, which held that: the Union law, in particular the principles of equivalence and effectiveness, must be interpreted as not precluding, in circumstances such as those in the dispute in the main proceedings, a national court from not having the opportunity to review a final judgment delivered within civil proceedings, in case this judgment proves to be incompatible with an interpretation of the European Union law retained by the Court of Justice of the European Union subsequently to the date on which the mentioned judgment became final, even if there is such a possibility in respect of final judgments incompatible with the European Union law, delivered within some administrative proceedings. -
In this article, the author proposes to make some theoretical and practical reflections on the definition of the law. Until now, in no law school and no judicial culture system it was formulated a definition of the law, to be accepted as a universal definition. Latin jurists – to whom the entire European judicial civilization is related – have not even been preoccupied with defining the law, but they have left us as legacy several definitions of the law, that is of positive law. The author points out that the scientific concept of law depends on the particularities of the judicial regulation of the social relations, which are different from country to country and from one national judicial system to another. It would be very difficult to formulate a universal definition of the law, given that each people has its own psycho-social characteristics which can not be accommodated with similar characteristics of other peoples. The author considers that in democratic societies, based on the principles of the state of law and which have at the centre of their public policies the individual, through law it is achieved a balance between the power of the state and the autonomy of the individual will. By law it is ensured the respect for the fundamental values of the nation, a democratic government centred on the sovereign will of the nation, as well as the individual rights and freedoms of citizens. In conclusion, the author points out that the law-making process in any state must be legitimate, namely it must express the will and fundamental demands of the citizens, the most general interests of the population. Finally, the author proposes a set of formal requirements-criteria for assessing the laws passed by the Parliament. -
The objectives of the research contained in the article consist in the examination of the immunity and of the criminal liability of the Romanian parliamentarians over the time according to the rules of the Romanian law, with a focus on the present provisions. The results of the research shall be summarized to the need for keeping the parliamentarians’ immunity also in the future provisions of the constitutional and criminal law, especially on the absolute immunity regarding the opinions and the votes expressed in exercising the mandate granted by the poll. Likewise, the author considers that a certain partial immunity has to be kept as well, as regards other actions of the criminal procedural law, such as: the inquisition, the detention, the attachment and the arraignment. The paper may be useful to the theoreticians, practitioners, as well as to the constituent legislator, considering the need for the amendment and supplement of the present fundamental law. The value of the article consists in the examination of the constitutional and criminal provisions regarding the criminal liability of the Romanian parliamentarians, as well as in the critical opinions and the filed de lege ferenda proposals. -
European democratic societies have shown, in recent years, an increased interest in reforming justice, the aim being to make more efficient the process of administration thereof. Likewise the efficiency of justice is a complex and continuous process which involves, among other things, guaranteeing the quality of the judicial decision and resolving the cases within a reasonable time. Within the present approach the author made a radiography of the most important reforms initiated and partially carried out in France, Italy and Spain. The investigation carried out has led to the conclusion of the existence of some common regulatory trends, but also to the existence of some different solutions. Common trends have been identified in terms of judicial organization, distinguishing itself a process of concentration of jurisdictions and of specialization thereof. The most significant example from this point of view is that of France, a country where a recent reform has led to the merger of the courts with the high courts. The courts resulting from this concentration are called judicial courts. In Spain, the justice reforms were initiated in 2001 following the conclusion of a „State Agreement” between the Government, the People’s Party and the Socialist Party. In Italy in recent years it was undertaken a reform which led to the increase in the competence of justices of the peace. In all the mentioned states there was also a marked tendency towards making more efficient the alternative ways of resolving the conflicts. Different procedural and judicial options were found regarding the composition of the superior councils of the magistracy, the organization of judicial inspections and the organization of the Public Ministry. Such options take into account the particularities of each judicial system, which excludes a total uniformity and are part of the democratic processes aimed at consolidating the state of law.
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Starting from the specifics of the action in deficiency in the European Union law, the author pleads for the reconsideration of this action in the Romanian administrative law, as a legal means of stimulating the public administration in exercising the attributions regarding the organization of the law enforcement, so that it can become concretely applicable. In this sense, there are presented the theoretical and practical considerations that converge towards the recognition in our law as well of the defective action in accordance with the provisions of the European Union law, as well as the proposals de lege ferenda regarding the reconfiguration of the legal regime of this action.
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Law no. 287/2009 on the Civil Code provides the inheritance matter, in general, with an appropriate regulation which is characterized, in principle, by the solutions’ correctness and the flexibility and consistency of its rules. However, here and there, incomplete legal texts can be identified. Equally, one can notice the absence of regulation for certain issues raised abundantly over time by the literature. In this context, the authors of this paper identify the purports of the Civil Code with incidence in the matter of legal heritage which has some shortcomings and propose the legislator to reconsider them to improve thereof. Also, aspects that are not legally regulated are identified with a specific practical frequency.
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The present study aims mainly to identify those wordings in Law no. 287/ 2009 on the Civil Code which apply to testamentary inheritance issues that have certain shortcomings, and to find, as much as possible, the best solutions for remediation thereof. -
In this study, the author makes an analysis of the provisions of Article 2319 of the new Romanian Civil Code, which entered into force on 1 October 2011, a text according to which „the personal guarantee ceases to exist following the death of the personal guarantor, although there is a contrary stipulation”, in relation to the general rules of principle of the Civil Code regarding the death of a contracting party (the natural person), respectively the cessation of the capacity of use (in case of the legal person). It is mentioned that the solution regulated by Article 2319 of the Romanian Civil Code did not exist in the previous Romanian Civil Code (of 1864), being taken from the Civil Code of the Province of Québec (Canada).
