-
The present study addresses a topic surrounded by increasing heated debate in the Romanian legal jurisprudence, namely the legal regime of the exception of unconstitutionality and the impact of such legal instrument on ensuring the constitutional order. The first part of the study explores the citizens’ access to constitutional justice, as designed both in the American model and in the European model. Further, the solution adopted in the Romanian constitutional system, as part of the European model of constitutional justice, is outlined. The analysis subsequently deepens the configuration of the a posteriori constitutional review in terms of setting forth the distribution of attributions with respect to this type of review as well as the nature, content, effects, and legal regime of referrals to the Constitutional Court of Romania dealing with exceptions of unconstitutionality. -
The paper aims to bring some clarifications regarding the typicality as an essential feature of the offence, as it is reflected in Article 15 of the Criminal Code. In fact, the paper begins by noticing that the typicality or providing the deed in the criminal law was the first of the essential features of the offence identified by the representatives of the Classical School. At the same time, it notes that, if initially typicality included only the objective requirements of the offence, now it is admitted to have a wider content, including both objective and subjective elements, as well as anti-judiciality elements. Through his study, the author brings some doctrinal explanations about the notion of typicality.
-
Article 322 section 5, second phrase of the (Romanian) Code of Civil Procedure provides that review of a final and binding decision in the Appellate Court or non-appealed and of a ruling passed by a court of last resort upon merits called forth may be requested „whether, following the rendering of the decision, a court order which grounded the decision under review claimed was abated or amended.” The author, in light of the practice of the European Court of Human Rights, considers that the purport should be interpreted narrowly. Accordingly, the scope of Article 322 section 5, second phrase of the (Romanian) Code of Civil Procedure may cover uncertified court orders exclusively (referred to as binding) because only these can be amended / abated under appeal or recourse, and not judgments passed within right of review procedures such as review or appeal for annulment, on account of complying with the principle of legal certainty. -
Potrivit art. 145 alin. 12 lit. f C.pr.pen., organul judiciar care a dispus mãsura preventivã a obligãrii de a nu pãrãsi localitatea poate impune învinuitului sau inculpatului ca pe durata mãsurii „sã nu exercite profesia, meseria sau sã nu desfãşoare activitatea în exercitarea cãreia a sãvârşit fapta”, şi anume sã nu-şi exercite atribuţiile de primar (cu notã criticã). -
In the above study the author reviews the terms of contentious appeal – according to various assumptions regulated by Law no. 554/2004 against the urban planning certificate, appraisals or agreements served for the issue of the building permit by relevant authorities in the field of environment protection and water management. Key words: urban planning certificate; appraisals/agreements for the issue of the building permit by relevant authorities in the field of environment protection and water management; legal requirements; applicable laws. -
Cererea formulatã de debitorul cedat privind restituirea unei sume de bani achitatã A.V.A.S. în baza unui contract de cesiune de creanţã, prin care Ministerul Finanţelor Publice a cesionat A.V.A.S. creanţa pe care o avea faţã de societatea debitoare, sumã de bani nedatoratã, se încadreazã în dispoziţiile art. 45 din O.U.G. nr. 51/1998 care se referã la „cereri de orice naturã” privind drepturi şi obligaţii în legãturã cu activele preluate de A.V.A.S., cereri supuse unui termen special de prescripţie reglementat de art. 49 alin. (1) de 6 luni de la data la care s-a cunoscut, sau trebuia sã se cunoascã faptul sau actul pe care se întemeiazã (Înalta Curte de Casaţie şi Justiţie, Secţia a II-a civilã, decizia nr. 2928 din 4 octombrie 2011). -
Cerinţa interesului de a fi actual trebuie îndeplinitã pe tot parcursul procesului, iar nu numai la momentul introducerii acþiunii. Astfel, în cazul în care pe parcursul procesului acþiunea promovatã de reclamant rãmâne fãrã interes, demersul procesual, iniþial justificat, rãmâne fãrã o finalitate practicã din punct de vedere juridic, soluţia consacratã jurisprudenţial în atare situaţii fiind aceea a respingerii acţiunii ca rãmasã fãrã interes (Înalta Curte de Casaţie şi Justiţie, Secţia comercialã, decizia nr. 2623 din 13 septembrie 2011). -
Dreptul larg de apreciere al autoritãţii administrative asupra punerii în executare a unor dispoziţii legale face ca neemiterea de cãtre respectiva autoritate a actului administrativ de punere în executare a dispoziţiilor de lege în cauzã sã nu constituie refuz nejustificat, în sensul art. 2 alin. (1) lit. i) din Legea nr. 554/2004. Este nelegalã, astfel, obligarea Guvernului României la emiterea unei hotãrâri prin care salariaţilor Societãţii Naţionale a Petrolului „Petrom” S.A. Bucureşti sã le fie vândute direct acţiuni ale acestei societãţi în limita a 8% din capitalul social în condiţiile art. 9 alin. (2) din anexa la O.U.G. nr. 49/1997 astfel cum a fost modificat prin art. V pct. 2 din O G. nr. 55/2003, având în vedere faptul cã prin acelaşi text legal legiuitorul a înţeles sã confere Guvernului un drept cu limite foarte largi de apreciere în ceea ce priveşte cota procentualã ce urmeazã a fi achiziţionatã de salariaţi şi momentele la care se va realiza achiziţionarea acţiunilor de cãtre aceştia. -
LEGEA NR. 10/2001. ACŢIUNE AVÂND CA OBIECT RESTITUIREA PREÞULUI IMOBILULUI PLÃTIT DE CHIRIAŞII ALE CÃROR CONTRACTE DE VÂNZARE-CUMPÃRARE, ÎNCHEIATE POTRIVIT PREVEDERILOR LEGII NR. 112/1995, AU FOST LIPSITE DE EFECTE JURIDICE Dispoziţiile art. 501 din Legea nr. 10/2001 modificatã prin Legea nr. 1/2009 nu fac decât sã aplice instituţia rãspunderii pentru evicţiune într-un domeniu particular, cel al imobilelor preluate abuziv de stat în perioada 6 martie 1945 – 22 decembrie 1989 şi înstrãinate de stat unor chiriaşi de bunã credinţã în baza Legii nr. 112/1995. -
The author believes that tort liability for the “ruin of building” (regulated in a similar manner in the current Romanian Civil Code – art. 1002 –, and in the new Romanian Civil Code – art. 1378 –, the latter not yet in force) was erroneously regulated as a special form of the liability “for things”, when, in reality, the liability for the “ruin of building” is simply a case of liability “for things” (art. 1000 paragraph 1 of the current Civil Code; art. 1376 of the new Civil Code). Also, the author severely criticizes the legal regulation in both Codes due to the fact that it limits the tort liability of the owner of the ruined building exclusively to the situations in which the ruin of the building is due to the lack of maintenance or to any construction fault. -
ANDREESCU, MARIUS - Principiul proporționalitãții, criteriu de admisibilitate a cererilor de înlocuire a mãsurii arestãrii preventive. În: Dreptul, nr. 4/2010, p. 169-174. „De lege ferenda”, autorul propune ca în noul Cod penal, la capitolul care reglementeazã individualizarea judiciarã a pedepsei, sã se prevadã în mod expres cã sancțiunea penalã trebuie sã fie proporționalã cu situația de fapt, gradul de pericol social al faptei și scopul legii penale. În acest fel, s-ar garanta nu numai legalitatea sancțiunilor penale aplicate, dar și legitimitatea, justețea acestora în raport cu criteriile prevãzute de lege. Subiect: arestare preventivã; principiul proporționalitãții; noul Cod penal.
-
C’est d’abord une évidence que nombre de dispositions édictées en 1804 ont sensiblement vieilli et qu’elles méritent une sérieuse cure de rajeunissement, dans la forme comme dans le fond. Mais c’est surtout du point de vue du fond que des changements apparaissent à la fois urgents et nécessaires. Ils semblent devoir s’orienter autour de deux axes principaux. Le premier consiste à faire évoluer notre droit dans le sens d’une plus grande justice contractuelle. Cela suppose évidemment la recherche d’un meilleur équilibre entre les droits et les obligations de chacune des parties, par exemple en cas de lésion ou d’imprévision. Mais cela implique aussi une protection plus efficace du contractant considéré comme en situation de faiblesse et qui n’est pas en mesure de se défendre lui-même. Il faut, en effet, mettre fin à la fiction d’une égalité parfaite entre les parties et, sans renoncer, bien sûr, au principe de liberté contractuelle, faire place à la notion de « dépendance économique », qui est cruciale dans nombre de contrats (contrats de travail, de bail, d’assurance et, de façon générale, tous les contrats d’adhésion). C’est d’ailleurs là que se pose la question de savoir s’il ne conviendrait pas d’étendre la portée de certaines dispositions - comme le devoir d’information, l’interdiction des clauses abusives ou le principe de l’interprétation en faveur de la partie privée d’un véritable pouvoir de négociation -, qui restent trop souvent limitées à ce jour aux relations entre professionnels et consommateurs. Mais c’est, en revanche, au juge qu’il devrait revenir de faire mieux respecter la volonté des parties, à tous les stades de la vie du contrat, et ceci au moins de deux façons. D’une part, le nouveau Code devrait attacher des effets accrus à certaines manifestations unilatérales de volonté, qu’il s’agisse de promesses de contracter, de détermination du prix (suivant des modalités fixées à l’avance) ou de résolution du contrat en cas d’inexécution par l’autre partie (même en l’absence d’une clause expresse en ce sens). D’autre part, on pourrait songer à ouvrir plus largement la possibilité de l’exécution forcée en nature des obligations de faire et abolir le principe de l’exécution par équivalent, pour mettre enfin le droit en accord avec la réalité (puisqu’aussi bien la solution est déjà, en pratique et en dépit des textes - essentiellement l’article 1142 du Code civil -, le plus souvent consacrée par les juges).
-
The author, making a (comparative) analysis between the regulation of voluntary intervention – principal and accessory – in the new Civil Procedure Code (published on 15 July 2010, but not yet in force), and that of art. 49–56 of the current Code, emphasizes that the essential difference between them is that, in the new Code, the application for voluntary intervention (principal or accessory) is admissible only in a “trial that is judged between the original parties”. Afterwards, examining the consequences of this situation, other discussions are also formulated regarding: the period within which the application for accessory intervention may be filed, as well as the regulations in the new Civil Procedure Code regarding the remedies against the rulings issued by courts of law in relation to the admissibility – mainly – of the application for intervention.
-
La protection et mise en valeur du patrimoine culturel et naturel constituent deux des vecteurs de l’actuelle politique d’aménagement du territoire au Portugal. Il ne s’agit pas d’un aspect étonnant, prise en considération la richesse et diversité des biens (culturels et naturels) que le Pays dispose. Ainsi, et en ce qui concerne le patrimoine naturel, l’ensemble d’aires classées à l’abri du Réseau 2000 et du Réseau National des Aires Protégées représentait, déjà en 2005, 21,3% du territoire national, s’élevant même, dans certaines zones, à 50% de la surface total (comme il arrive dans la NUT de Serra da Estrela) 1. À son tour, les actions de sauvegarde et de mise en valeur du patrimoine culturel ont augmenté exponentiellement, se traduisant dans une croissance considérable du nombre de biens classés, qui a augmenté près de 85% entre 1980 et 2003. En effet, il y a des aires avec une grande concentration de patrimoine classé, comme il arrive au Norte Litoral, Área Metropolitana do Porto (avec extension vers Douro), Beira Interior, Área Metropolitana de Lisboa (avec extension vers Vale do Tejo), Alto Alentejo et Alentejo Central, avec un grand poids dans le patrimoine archéologique2.
-
1.- La signification de la planification hydrologique dans la Directive Cadre sur l’Eau. 2.- Les retards significatifs des États dans l’application de la Directive. 3.- Les districts hydrographiques comme référence des plans hydrologiques. 4.Les autorités administratives responsables des districts hydrographiques. 5.- Les procédures d’élaboration des plans hydrologiques. 6.- Le contenu des plans hydrologiques. 7.- Valeur et effets des plans hydrologiques. 8.- Le contrôle judiciaire des plans hydrologiques. Bibliographie.
-
Searching for a matter of convergence between the specialties of each author, in a mutuus consensus sine qua non, the authors finally stopped on the ancient in dubio pro reo driven by a bunch of original ideas, which they considered worth to be presented. Naturally, subsequently, they had both sympathizers and critics, each category having its well-determined role in the evolution of the Law science. With an age-old existence, the authors consider that in dubio pro reo has managed to pass the test of time in the light of the splendid “justness” it incorporates in its content. Exactly from this perspective, the authors intend to emphasize its luxuriant color fan, extending to the whole “world” of Law, releasing it from the strict limitation of criminal area.
-
The authors, examining the provisions of the Government Emergency Ordinance no. 51/2008 regarding legal public aid in civil matter, consider that, although this regulation does not comprise any provision regarding its incidence in relation to the payment of a security (due, according to art. 403 of the Romanian Civil Procedure Code, for suspension of the enforcement until settlement of the challenge to enforcement or of other application regarding enforcement), the rules and principles of the above-mentioned regulation also apply to the security mentioned, taking into consideration the provisions of art. 6 of the (European) Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, corroborated with the case law in the matter of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg.
-
The present article analyzes, from a historical perspective, the debate concerning the export cartel debate from its birth in 1918 until today. There can be identified four different periods of the debate that revolve around the enactment of the Webb-Pomerene Act, the creation of the Bretton Woods institutions, the creation of the World Trade Organization and the July package decision of 1 July 2004. The article highlights the actors and the ideas that shaped the debate and the results that were obtained. While it is clear that the fairest solution to the issue of export cartels would be the prohibition of this practice, what is not clear is the path that would lead to the ban and the institutional framework that would support it afterwards. This paper thus proposes an approach for identifying the most affordable solution. It argues however that, before launching an institutionalized solution on export cartels, more in depths analysis is needed.
-
La France a instauré dès 19641 un système d’organisation et de gestion de l’eau par bassin. La planification résulte de la loi de 19922 avec la création du Schéma directeur d’aménagement et de gestion des eaux (SDAGE) à l’échelle du bassin et du Schéma d’aménagement et de gestion des eaux (SAGE) par sous-bassin3. En application des diverses directives communautaires ou de politiques spécifiques (risques, assainissement), ces planifications de base sont complétées par des instruments de gestion, des mesures et des programmes, à l’échelle du district hydrographique, du sous-district hydrographique. Cette planification a été enrichie d’autres outils de planification, le plus souvent à une échelle plus localisée (zone d’inondations par exemple).
-
The author, addressing the examination of important issues regarding the regulation of the right of public property in the new Civil Code (adopted by the Parliament, published on 24 July 2009, but not yet in force), makes a comparative analysis of the regulations in this field (quasi-inexistent in the current Civil Code since the year 1865) recorded in the Constitution of Romania (republished in October 2003) and in Law no. 213/1998 regarding public property and its legal system. In the end, the author makes several proposals regarding this latter law (after the new Romanian Civil Code – Law no. 287/2009 – becomes effective).
-
Hungarian Police control the international transportation of passengers and goods passing through border crossing points according to various international treaties and contracts as well as the relevant Hungarian statutory instruments in force. According to these, personal, cargo and vehicle documents are checked. The proceedings and sanctions to be taken against those breaching international transportation regulations are defined in the legislation in force. Within the framework of the Road Transport Act1 there is the possibility of imposing a fine on the spot and impounding the vehicle until the fine is paid. In addition in the case of a vehicle containing livestock or perishable goods, the vehicle will be allowed to proceed following this check, but proceedings will be started against, and a fine will be imposed in the absence of the perpetrator.
-
The enactment and coming into force of Law no. 221/2009 on political convictions and their related administrative measures, ruled during the period 6 March 1945-22 December 1989, generated a complex legal matter caused, in particular, by the lawmaker’s notion regarding the scope of application of the law, the scope of the persons benefiting of the special regulation and the stipulated civil procedural rules, derogatory from common law. From the perspective of the three ideas mentioned, the study aims at harmonizing the legal mechanism designed by the lawmaker, including through “de lege ferenda” proposals, for the purpose of achieving the deeply reparatory nature of the law towards persons oppressed for political reasons, during the communist period.
-
The authors examine criminal matters regarding prohibited practices in the area of competition from a comparative perspective. The study refers to the competition law in the European Union, in some of its Member States, in the United States of America, as well as in Romania.
-
The new Romanian Civil Code (Law no. 287/2009), voted by the Parliament, promulgated, and published (on 24 July 2009), but not yet in force, regulates the following matrimonial regimes: the regime of legal community; the regime of conventional community; the regime of separation of property. In this study, the regime of separation of property is examined, in the light of art. 360–365 and art. 370–372 of the new Civil Code. In this regard, the author examines the categories of property under the regime of separation of property; the personal property of the spouses, the common property per shares of the spouses; the use of one spouse’s property by the other spouse; the liability of spouses for the personal obligations.
