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The letter of guarantee is regulated by the new Civil Code within the autonomous guarantees, together with the letter of comfort. It is an autonomous, unconditional and irrevocable legal deed. In the letter of guarantee, the issuer assumes its own obligation which in its relationship with the beneficiary at least, shall be main and autonomous – the payment of an amount of money upon the first simple request of the beneficiary, for the situation in which the result taken into account upon its assumption is not carried out. The execution of the letter of guarantee depends only on its own requirements and this is the criterion according to which it distinguishes basically from the deed of trust. -
As regards the possibility to maintain conditional release if, following a merger of penalties, a penalty equal to that from which the convict was released on parole is enforced, two solutions are possible. The first solution consists in deducting only the actually served penalty and incarcerating the convicted person again, and the second solution consists in considering the entire penalty served. The resolution of the controversy depends on the opinion adopted as regards the legal nature of conditional release. -
While examining the effects of the information procedure on the advantages of mediation in relation to the running of the prescription or limitation periods and corroborating the provisions of Law No 192/2006 referring to mediation with the provisions of the Romanian Civil Code in matters of prescription or limitation periods, this study reaches the conclusion that the procedure on the advantages of mediation prevents the running of the substantial prescription period and limitation period established by the legal provisions (which protect a private right) or by the convention of the parties when these have not began to run, and, respectively, it suspends the course of the prescription/limitation when these have began to run, for a period of 15 calendar days from the date when the prescription/limitation began. -
Parole was defined in Romanian doctrine as a way to individualize the execution of the custodial sentences, without deprivation of liberty, granted by the final decision of the court which are the conviction that the convicted person has been rehabilitated, as a result of meeting the required conditions during the execution of minimum statutory sentence, there is the semi-open or open regime of enforcement, the person has fulfilled his/her civil obligations, as well as subject to full fulfillment, under probation services, within supervision, of the measures and obligations. As a legal nature, the parole represents a post iudicium individualization of the execution of the custodial sentences and involves the release of the convict before the full execution of the sentence because the convict has proved that he has made obvious progress towards social reintegration. However, the parole is not a right of the convict not to serve the entire sentence, but a legal instrument by which the court finds that it is no longer necessary to continue the execution of the sentence in detention until the full period established by the final conviction has been fulfilled and the early release poses no danger to the community. -
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En el nuevo siglo los discursos de legitimación del poder punitivo se extraen de las nuevas realidades, originadas desde la hipótesis que aboga por la empírica constatación de una síntesis, que surge de la tensión dialéctica entre el binomio libertad vs. seguridad, que en la actual “sociedad del riesgo” se resuelve “irremediablemente” a favor de la última opción. Se trata de una forma de organización e interacción comunicativa, surgida con la postindustrialización, caracterizada por una serie de factores que la población estima como esencialmente negativos, vinculados al miedo al avance tecnológico y las modificaciones en los sistemas de producción, que suponen el nacimiento de nuevas realidades, que amenazan la seguridad de la población y también el Estado Social en algunos de los países desarrollados1. Al servicio de este modelo hay ahora todo un sistema de imputación que busca el mantenimiento de los valores de la sociedad, mediante la estabilización de la expectativa asignada por la norma penal y la neutralización del riesgo futuro de lesión a la misma. Esta legitimación significa asignarle un sentido útil a la tendencia creciente hacia la disminución de los espacios de libertad; en ese sentido, se dice, que la decisión es netamente política y no jurídico-penal: en consecuencia, no hay que inmiscuirse en ello, ni mucho menos calificar las nuevas regulaciones legales como algo positivo o negativo, como postula Jakobs. -
En la generalidad de las legislaciones societarias actuales, se establece algún tipo de régimen que limita la realización de distribuciones a los socios por parte de la sociedad durante el transcurso de la vida social (durante societate)1. Este régimen forma parte de las medidas que se adoptan legalmente en las sociedades que limitan la responsabilidad de los socios2, para proteger ex ante o preventivamente a los acreedores sociales.
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The regulation of crimes in the field of the illegal removal and transplant of organs, tissues and cells of human origin at the level of each country is extremely important due to the big social danger of these crimes and the importance of the social values protected by their incrimination, values regarding the life and the physical and mental integrity of the members of society, as well as the respect due to the memory of deceased persons. In this respect, at the level of the European Union, the Directive 2004/23/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 31 March 2004, on setting standards of quality and safety for the donation, procurement, testing, processing, preservation, storage and distribution of human tissues and cells was adopted. There are numerous European countries in which the crimes in the field of the illegal removal and transplant of organs, tissues and cells of human origin are incriminated in the Criminal Code. Their experience should also be followed by Romania, where, at present, the field is regulated by Law no. 95/2006 on healthcare reform, as subsequently amended and supplemented.
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In the present study we have proceeded to analyze the text of Article 318 of the Criminal Procedure Code, in the light of the judicial practice in the matter. We also insisted on presenting some malfunctions in the application of the provisions of Article 318 (16) the 2nd sentence of the Criminal Procedure Code, provisions which in their essence prohibit the case prosecutor to adopt a solution to abandon criminal prosecution in the event that this solution was initially rejected by the preliminary chamber judge. The provision in question is all the more controversial as it is mentioned even therein this prohibition irrespective of the reason invoked, which leads to the conclusion that the solution to abandon criminal prosecution can no longer be ordered by the prosecutor, even if the evidence administered show that its adoption is required. In this context, the provisions criticized seem to be unconstitutional, because by applying them, the prosecutor is obliged by the legislator to violate several provisions of the Constitution, among which there is the principle of legality. -
In this study the authors intend to point out the significant novelties brought in the matter by the Law No 85/2014 on the procedures for preventing insolvency and for insolvency, as compared to the previous regulation (the Law No 85/2006). This being the case, the authors examine the mentioned novelties: (I) as concerns the judgment within the insolvency procedure; (II) with reference to the effects of the insolvency procedure; (III) in the field of reorganization and bankruptcy. Finally, the authors come to the conclusion that the Law No 85/2014 succeeds to cover a series of legislative gaps, to settle some controversial issues in the legal practice and, finally, to provide some equitable solutions where the provisions of the old law (No 85/2006) were rightfully criticized.
