The aim of this study is to point out the way in which transnational spaces exert their influences on the international legal order and the national legal ones. Theorizing transnational law opens the way of such demarche. Therefore, the overview of some schools of transnational law offers the opportunity for understanding the link between transnational spaces, transnational legal orders and transnational law. The transnational spaces "Mitsubishi" and "FIFA" evolve in transnational legal orders; the latter legal orders inspire the scholars to theorize actively the transnational law itself. Such theorizing may help us to be conceptually equipped in front of future transnational spaces.

The study examines the factoring contract as an easy and quick method of financing of the adherent by way of turning to account of the unmatured claims. The factoring, regulated internationally, has been recognized and defined in the Romanian legislation, but without any regulation of its legal system. After the analysis of the framework contract and of the actual factoring contract, the study examines and explains the forms of the factoring contract and their finality, as well as the constitutive elements of the contract, with reference to the specific of the contracting parties and of the participants, as well as to the derived object, concerning certain, liquid, assignable, but not exigible claims. In the approach of the effects of the contract there have been analyzed the rights and obligations of the contracting parties and the relations generated by the contract. In respect of the obligations of the adherent, attention was paid to the transmission of the right over the claims by means of sale and to the achievement of the conventional subrogation and the moment of transmission of the right over claims, depending on the distinction between old line factoring and the maturity factoring. Likewise, it has been analyzed the legal and conventional obligation of warranty of the adherent in correlation to the risks assumed by the factor, related to payment default of the claims and the insolvency of the assigned debtor. In the same context, it has been also treated the problem of notification of the debtor concerning the assignment of claims, highlighting the consequences of the notification with regard to the enforcement of claims, as well as the aspects of opposability of the assignment to the debtors and to third parties, with reference to recording of the transmission of the universality of claims in the Electronic Archive of Security Interests on Movable Property. The rights and obligations of the factor have been examined from its perspective of owner of the invoices accepted for payment and of the takeover by the latter of the task of collection of claims from the clients of the adherent, in close correlation with the factor’s function of financier of the adherent, by the payment of the claims assigned before maturity. The patrimonial factor-adherent relations have been integrated into the role of the current account opened by the factor for the payment of claims assigned and of the discount covered by the adherent, resulted from the difference between the nominal and conventional value of the claims assigned. By the correlated mechanism of crediting-debiting, the current account also fulfils its accounting function of crediting the adherent with the amounts that the factor collects as mandatary with regard to the invoices not accepted for payment and the function of debiting with the amounts owed by the debtor, following the regression for the claims for which the adherent has conventionally assumed the risk of payment default or of insolvency of the debtor. The effects of factoring contract are analyzed also in terms of its impact in case of insolvency of the adherent, including of the consequences related in this case to the turning to account of the claims assigned with regard to the assigned debtor. It was treated also the reverse-factoring mechanism, as well as the relations between the adherent, the factor and the assigned debtor, in relation to the effects of the notification in terms of the turning to account the claim right of the adherent, of the factor and of the payment obligation of the assigned debtor. In the final part of the study, there have been outlined the legal features of the factoring contract, with special outlook on the character intuitu personae of the contract, on the character of adherence contract and of random contract, in the hypothesis that the factor assumes the risk of payment default or of insolvency of the assigned debtor. The scientific approach led to the classification of the legal nature of the factoring contract as a complex of contracts and legal figures different, but convergent, with its own physiognomy and autonomy, which differentiates the factoring contract from its components. The particular configuration of the factoring contract, which defines it as a whole with its own legal system, has brought to attention the need for demarcation of the contract from its components.

În ipoteza în care nu se face dovada că notificarea de reziliere a fost comunicată în condițiile prevăzute în contract nu se poate considera că a intervenit rezilierea și prin urmare operatorul de telefonie nu este îndreptățit la plata despăgubirii aferente rezilierii contractului. Este posibilă constatarea caracterului abuziv al clauzelor contractuale privind plata penalităților de întârziere și/sau a despăgubirilor datorate în caz de reziliere a contractului, însă instanța de judecată trebuie să pună în discuția contradictorie a părților respectivul aspect.

The present scientific approach, springing from the practical, concrete needs, appeared in the space of manifestation of the role of one of the fundamental institutions of the Romanian state, is based on the wider and more complex reality of Romania’s international commitments, particularly the issue to fulfil the obligations arising from its status as a full member of the European Union, in terms of the application of European law, in respect of its fundamental values in relation to the national legal order, especially the priority over the rules of national law. At a conceptual, theoretical level, given these decisive influences of European law on the process of creating Romanian law, in the effective crystallization of the sources of positive law, by virtue of Romania’s accession to the EU treaties, the article intends to assess some possible coordinates of the process of reform of the Legislative Council, under the aspect of its obligations on the line of legislative harmonization, in application of the provisions of Article 79 of the Constitution, regarding the essential role of this institution in terms of systematization, unification and coordination of all national legislation. From such a perspective, it is confined to the research of the correlation between the needs of the state, in this case the obligations imposed constitutionally on all public authorities, according to Article 148 of the fundamental act and the concrete realities of the phenomenon, in the projection of the organization and functioning of the Legislative Council, the author advances concrete solutions meant to ensure its institutional adequacy to the weight and dynamics of the European legislation, in a continuous change, in the context of increased institutional efficiency.

The present study intends to reveal the complexity of the serious humanitarian problems generated by the migration of the population in today’s world, emphasizing the causes, the effects, but especially the democratic mechanisms to address this matter. We intend to reveal a series of legal mechanisms, made available to the national executive authorities in order to combat this phenomenon, but also the legal instruments and the procedural ways of solving the applications for asylum, formulated by the persons who are in a situation of separation from their countries of origin, often against their will. At the heart of this legal system for solving migration, with continental valences, there are the courts of law, which have the tutelary role in solving the legal matters related to these problems. We will present in this study a series of solutions of the judicial practice, having as finality the exemplification of the way of correlation of the legal institutions created by the national legislator and by the European Union in order to solve the aspects related to the phenomenon of migration. In this way we intend to offer both to those who are beginning the initiation into the mysteries of law and theorists and to those involved in the activity of judicial practice of solving the applications for summons, a useful and easy, also well-documented and exemplified, tool of information regarding the way of solving the contestations against the decisions of the administrative institution legally competent to solve the applications for granting the refugee status. We will reveal both the national practice and the one in the field of the Court of Justice of the European Union, these examples of judicial solutions being meant to give us a balance in approaching the legal problems of migration.

In the study it is emphasized that the main effect of the fidejussion is represented by the obligation of the fidejussor to execute the obligation of the debtor, in case the latter does not fulfil it voluntarily. I have shown that by invoking the exception of the discussion, the conventional or legal fidejussor uses the faculty to ask the creditor, who has started the prosecution against him, to pursue first the assets of the principal debtor, within the limits of the value of the principal debtor’s assets, which the fidejussor will indicate to the creditor. This means of defence by which the fidejussor seeks its exemption from the execution in whole or in part of the obligation of guarantee, derives, on the one hand, from the ancillary nature of the obligation of guarantee and, on the other hand, from the very legal relation of fidejussion.

The present study intends to analyze the principle of preeminence of law and a few perspectives over this principle, especially the common law perspective. The author starts from the premise that the principle of preeminence of law is a common European value on which any democratic state must be founded, being the essence of the state of law and also an element of the common heritage of the Member States of the Council of Europe. The author has, as a research hypothesis, the fact that the history of Romania and its political course in the last century raises problems of understanding a philosophy based on the concept of preeminence of law. Coming after a period of communism, in many respects our country has passed from one extreme to the other, from many restrictions to too much freedom and legislative or power void, from a typology of totalitarian regulation to a form sometimes too liberal, which causes a functional instability of the state as a whole. One can notice that the elaborated study has as objectives the analysis of the general concepts recognized in common law regarding the preeminence of the law for the development of the Romanian legal doctrine in order to deeply understand and fully implement this principle in our legal system, and – more broadly – in our society. Regarding the research methods, the comparative and the quantitative method have been predominantly used, with elements that refer to the sociological and historical method. Notions and concepts specific to common law-type systems have been presented in order to identify possible solutions for taking over and integrating these concepts in our legal system. From the point of view of the results of the research, it has been concluded that the preeminence of law is aspirational and, therefore, it is a matter of degree. From the perspective of our country, we have shown that we have not yet succeeded in overcoming the horrors of the past, with reference here to the ideologies, philosophies and mentalities that have become part of us in the last century. Things are constantly evolving, but we have failed to achieve the level of civilization and understanding that exists in true democracies, one of the causes being the inconsistency of the choices we have made in the last 32 years. Regarding the theoretical and practical implications of the study, they consist in understanding some specific concepts developed in the common law-type systems, the need to implement and fully assume, at society level, the principle of the preeminence of law, with all its components and mechanisms, as well as of the awareness of the current historical moment, in which we must progress at the level of society towards the ideal of a developed and happy society.

Prin renunțarea la dreptul de a invoca accesiunea, proprietarul fondului abandonează prerogativa folosinței terenului în favoarea proprietarului construcției, pe toată durata de existență a acesteia, generând un mod atipic de naștere a dreptului de superficie, acceptat în sistemul Codului civil din 1864 și prevăzut expres în sistemul actualului Cod civil la art. 693 alin. (4) teza I. Așadar, în forma sa deplină, superficia ca dezmembrământ al dreptului de proprietate imobiliară are în conținutul său proprietatea asupra construcției și prerogativa folosinței terenului (ca atribut al proprietății, iar nu doar o simplă stare de fapt protejată juridic, atribut transmis pe durata de existență a construcției de către proprietarul fondului către constructor). Or, așa cum am arătat mai sus, prin contractele de închiriere pârâta a transmis folosința terenului ca și obiect al unei obligații personale pentru o anumită durată, și nu ca atribut al proprietății, pe toată durata existenței construcției. (Curtea de Apel Timișoara, Secția I civilă, Decizia nr. 114 din 30 iunie 2021, www.rolii.ro)

The article addresses the newly introduced legal institution of verification of the legality and lawfulness of protective measures during the criminal trial, which institutes the obligation of the criminal judicial body to periodically analyze whether the legal and factual grounds on which it was previously taken or maintained continue to exist, following to be ordered its maintenance, cancellation, extension or limitation. Through the novelty of the subject under analysis, the study will contribute to the outlining of the guidelines of judicial practice in this unique legal matter.

Family relationships are an area of great interest due to its intimacy and sensitivity. Because of the unpredictability of modern life, many families are falling apart. Thus, the issue of dissolution of marriage, whether through divorce or separation, is of paramount importance for modern society. Both the European Union and some Member States, especially the predominantly Catholic ones, have adapted to religious realities and regulated spouses’ separation through secular laws. The purpose of this article is to reveal that the Romanian law has the institution of spouses’ separation which produces, however, only effects of canon law, and not of civil law. The methods used in support of our thesis are analysis and synthesis. In Romania, the state recognized the Canonical Codes of the Roman-Catholic and Oriental Churches that provide for separation. But it denies any civil, secular effects of the institution. It is high time for the Romanian legislator to regulate the institution of spouses’ separation whether by altering the Civil Code or through a concordat between the state and the Holy See. The secular effects of spouses’ separation will protect the religious freedom of the Catholic people and the traditions of the Roman Catholic denomination. Moreover, introducing legal separation in the Romanian law will ensure a better application of the private international law of the European Union which provides for the international jurisdiction and for the law applicable to such separation.

Termination of a contract certainly raises a multitude of questions for the party wishing to invoke the resolution or termination of the contract. This study intends to present the main out-of-court alternatives available to the parties to a convention, namely the unilateral declaration of resolution and the Commission Pact, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each institution under review, as well as the guidelines of the main legal systems and opinions expressed in the practice that appeared with the entry into force of the new Civil Code. By analyzing all the aspects mentioned above, we tried to facilitate the choice of the party that wants to terminate a contract. We also presented some proposals that could improve the usefulness of these institutions, especially the unilateral declaration of resolution, proposals aimed at the correlation between this declaration and the land book, as well as the various cases that may arise in notarial practice.

The purpose of this article is to approach the common features of medicine and law – the principles which have to govern the medical behaviour and medical liability. Medical principles were often ignored by legal literature (which is so hard to find), but there are a few notes in medical ethics. Medical principles rule the manner in which the provider of medical services, devices, pharmaceuticals, the doctor and the National Health Insurance House are acting in regard to the patient. Meanwhile, ignoring this principles will lead to engaging the liability of doctors, providers of medical services, the devices and pharmaceuticals or, even worse, may result in the agreement’s invalidity. These principles constitute the foundation of a new era, under construction – medical law and they need to become the primary rule for those who are involved in both medicine and law. Our research revealed that medical law is at its beginnings. The purpose of this study is to offer an in-depth analysis and understanding of medical law, by studying its bases (medical principles).

Prin cererea de chemare în judecată, reclamantul a solicitat obligarea pârâtului la plata unor sume de bani cu titlu de daune-interese pentru neexecutarea unor obligații contractuale, acțiunea fiind înregistrată la Judecătoria Sectorului 3 București, instanța de la sediul reclamantului. În motivarea cererii principale s-a arătat că între părți s-a încheiat un contract de transport sub forma unei comenzi de transport și a anexei aferente. Pârâtul s-a obligat astfel să transporte marfa dintr-un anumit loc în altul, la o anumită temperatură. Întrucât acesta din urmă nu s-a prezentat la locul de destinație la ora stabilită în comanda de transport, destinatarul final nu a mai dorit marfa. Mai mult, cu ocazia recepției mărfii, s-a constatat că marfa fusese transportată în condiții necorespunzătoare, la o temperatură neconformă, mențiunea fiind înscrisă în CMR. În continuare, reclamantul a susținut că proprietarul mărfii, terț față de contractul de transport, ar fi suferit un prejudiciu din faptul că marfa nu a fost vândută cumpărătorului inițial, ci unui alt cumpărător la un preț inferior, rezultând o pagubă constând în diferența de preț dintre cele două vânzări. Acest prejudiciu a fost facturat de către terț reclamantului, care mai departe l-a refacturat către pârât. Prin întâmpinare, pârâtul a invocat, printre altele, excepția necompetenței teritoriale a Judecătoriei Sectorului 3 București, afirmând că nici comanda de transport, nici anexa ei nu au fost semnate și ștampilate, astfel că nu există un contract de transport. În replică, reclamantul a arătat că instanța judecătorească pe care a învestit-o cu soluționarea acțiunii este competentă, întrucât în cuprinsul anexei la comanda de transport se regăsește o clauză atributivă de competență, care stabilește competența de soluționare a litigiilor în favoarea instanțelor de la sediul reclamantului. Mai mult, susține că inexistența unui contract de transport nu poate fi reținută, dat fiind că, subsecvent comenzii de transport, au fost emise de către pârât un CMR semnat și ștampilat, o factură pentru transportul realizat în care se specifică „comanda nr. 77”, precum și o somație comunicată reclamantului prin care i s-a pus în vedere să achite prețul transportului. (Rezumat al susținerilor părților)

Din interpretarea dispozițiilor art. 1847 și următoarele și a art. 1890 C.civ. din 1864 rezultă că prescripția achizitivă trebuie opusă doar fostului proprietar al imobilului în litigiu, în considerarea efectului juridic al uzucapiunii de sancțiune civilă față de titularul nediligent care a permis ieșirea bunului din patrimoniul său. În măsura în care însă nu este posibilă identificarea fostului proprietar al terenului ce face obiectul cererii, ori a altor persoane care ar fi interesate în contestarea uzucapiunii sau acesta a decedat și nu s-a dezbătut succesiunea vacantă, calitatea procesuală pasivă se prezumă, prin dispozițiile legii, că aparține unității administrativ-teritoriale, în a cărei rază teritorială se află imobilul, ca titulare ale patrimoniului imobiliar. Prin urmare, legitimarea procesuală pasivă a unității administrativ-teritoriale nu decurge, în mod arbitrar, din faptul neidentificării unui alt pârât, ci se întemeiază pe dispozițiile art. 26 din Legea fondului funciar nr. 18/1991, relative la caracterul potențial de bun fără stăpân al terenului în litigiu. Altfel s-ar putea ajunge în situația particulară a inexistenței unei persoane care să pretindă un drept de proprietate asupra nemișcătorului, în calitate de proprietar sau de moștenitor al proprietarului inițial al terenului, la respingerea acțiunii în constatarea dobândirii dreptului de proprietate, prin efectul prescripției achizitive, deși sunt îndeplinite condițiile legale pentru a uzucapa, pe considerentul că unitatea administrativ-teritorială este lipsită de legitimare procesuală pasivă, ceea ce ar echivala cu lipsirea reclamantului de orice posibilitate de valorificare a dreptului său. (Înalta Curte de Casație și Justiție, Secția I civilă, Decizia nr. 2470 din 19 noiembrie 2020)

This paper presents the author’s vision on the legal consequences of the implementation of a concept, the National Electronic File, which involves the electronic visualisation of the documents existing in a file pending before a court of law and the possibility of electronic communication of the procedural documents both from the litigant to the court and vice versa, from the court of law to the litigant. Starting from some principles, such as the facultative nature for the citizen and the mandatory nature for the public institutions to use this electronic mechanism, and taking into account regulations from the comparative law, the main directions for amending the codes of procedure are presented, in order to achieve a simpler, friendlier and, last but not least, more efficient justice.

Almost 8 years after 1 February 2014, the day when the current Criminal Code entered into force, it seems to be a useful step to analyze how the principles of Romanian criminal law are reflected in this Code. Following the examination, we will find that some of the principles enjoy express consecration, such as the legality of incrimination or the legality of the criminal law sanctions, and others have different applications in the body of the Criminal Code or are deduced from the economy of the criminal provisions. In the present paper we will review the doctrinal conceptions regarding the principles of the criminal law and the way in which they are reflected in the current Criminal Code.