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Searching for a matter of convergence between the specialties of each author, in a mutuus consensus sine qua non, the authors finally stopped on the ancient in dubio pro reo driven by a bunch of original ideas, which they considered worth to be presented. Naturally, subsequently, they had both sympathizers and critics, each category having its well-determined role in the evolution of the Law science. With an age-old existence, the authors consider that in dubio pro reo has managed to pass the test of time in the light of the splendid “justness” it incorporates in its content. Exactly from this perspective, the authors intend to emphasize its luxuriant color fan, extending to the whole “world” of Law, releasing it from the strict limitation of criminal area. -
In the current stage, the economic-financial crime represents the main factor through which the consolidated State budget or the special budgets are deprived of important financial sources. In this article, the author has intended to make an analysis of the tax evasion crimes committed by withholding and not paying to the State budget, within the legal periods, the amounts representing taxes or withholding taxes, with direct consequences both on the budgetary resources and on the social insurance rights of the employees.
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The article presents the extended confiscation from the perspective of the Council Framework Decision 2005/212/JHA of 24 February 2005 on Confiscation of Crime-Related Proceeds, Instrumentalities and Properties, supporting the opportunity of its transposition into the domestic law, considering justified the fact that the perpetrator of a crime is required to prove the illicit origin of products presumed to be connected with a crime of a certain seriousness, by reducing or reversing the burden of proof as regards the source of the properties held by a person convicted for an offense related to organized crime, under a special procedure established by law.
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1.- La signification de la planification hydrologique dans la Directive Cadre sur l’Eau. 2.- Les retards significatifs des États dans l’application de la Directive. 3.- Les districts hydrographiques comme référence des plans hydrologiques. 4.Les autorités administratives responsables des districts hydrographiques. 5.- Les procédures d’élaboration des plans hydrologiques. 6.- Le contenu des plans hydrologiques. 7.- Valeur et effets des plans hydrologiques. 8.- Le contrôle judiciaire des plans hydrologiques. Bibliographie.
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La protection et mise en valeur du patrimoine culturel et naturel constituent deux des vecteurs de l’actuelle politique d’aménagement du territoire au Portugal. Il ne s’agit pas d’un aspect étonnant, prise en considération la richesse et diversité des biens (culturels et naturels) que le Pays dispose. Ainsi, et en ce qui concerne le patrimoine naturel, l’ensemble d’aires classées à l’abri du Réseau 2000 et du Réseau National des Aires Protégées représentait, déjà en 2005, 21,3% du territoire national, s’élevant même, dans certaines zones, à 50% de la surface total (comme il arrive dans la NUT de Serra da Estrela) 1. À son tour, les actions de sauvegarde et de mise en valeur du patrimoine culturel ont augmenté exponentiellement, se traduisant dans une croissance considérable du nombre de biens classés, qui a augmenté près de 85% entre 1980 et 2003. En effet, il y a des aires avec une grande concentration de patrimoine classé, comme il arrive au Norte Litoral, Área Metropolitana do Porto (avec extension vers Douro), Beira Interior, Área Metropolitana de Lisboa (avec extension vers Vale do Tejo), Alto Alentejo et Alentejo Central, avec un grand poids dans le patrimoine archéologique2.
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This study, having as theme general and special observations regarding the new Romanian Civil Procedure Code (Law no. 134/2010), after some brief preliminary observations, proceeds to a more thorough analysis of the fundamental themes of this Code, namely: the accentuation of procedural liberalism; the quality of the civil procedure law; the right of access to justice; the uniform interpretation and application of the law by the courts; celerity in the civil trial; accentuation of the effectiveness of remedies at law; higher-quality valorization of enforcement orders.
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The author, making a (comparative) analysis between the regulation of voluntary intervention – principal and accessory – in the new Civil Procedure Code (published on 15 July 2010, but not yet in force), and that of art. 49–56 of the current Code, emphasizes that the essential difference between them is that, in the new Code, the application for voluntary intervention (principal or accessory) is admissible only in a “trial that is judged between the original parties”. Afterwards, examining the consequences of this situation, other discussions are also formulated regarding: the period within which the application for accessory intervention may be filed, as well as the regulations in the new Civil Procedure Code regarding the remedies against the rulings issued by courts of law in relation to the admissibility – mainly – of the application for intervention.
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C’est d’abord une évidence que nombre de dispositions édictées en 1804 ont sensiblement vieilli et qu’elles méritent une sérieuse cure de rajeunissement, dans la forme comme dans le fond. Mais c’est surtout du point de vue du fond que des changements apparaissent à la fois urgents et nécessaires. Ils semblent devoir s’orienter autour de deux axes principaux. Le premier consiste à faire évoluer notre droit dans le sens d’une plus grande justice contractuelle. Cela suppose évidemment la recherche d’un meilleur équilibre entre les droits et les obligations de chacune des parties, par exemple en cas de lésion ou d’imprévision. Mais cela implique aussi une protection plus efficace du contractant considéré comme en situation de faiblesse et qui n’est pas en mesure de se défendre lui-même. Il faut, en effet, mettre fin à la fiction d’une égalité parfaite entre les parties et, sans renoncer, bien sûr, au principe de liberté contractuelle, faire place à la notion de « dépendance économique », qui est cruciale dans nombre de contrats (contrats de travail, de bail, d’assurance et, de façon générale, tous les contrats d’adhésion). C’est d’ailleurs là que se pose la question de savoir s’il ne conviendrait pas d’étendre la portée de certaines dispositions - comme le devoir d’information, l’interdiction des clauses abusives ou le principe de l’interprétation en faveur de la partie privée d’un véritable pouvoir de négociation -, qui restent trop souvent limitées à ce jour aux relations entre professionnels et consommateurs. Mais c’est, en revanche, au juge qu’il devrait revenir de faire mieux respecter la volonté des parties, à tous les stades de la vie du contrat, et ceci au moins de deux façons. D’une part, le nouveau Code devrait attacher des effets accrus à certaines manifestations unilatérales de volonté, qu’il s’agisse de promesses de contracter, de détermination du prix (suivant des modalités fixées à l’avance) ou de résolution du contrat en cas d’inexécution par l’autre partie (même en l’absence d’une clause expresse en ce sens). D’autre part, on pourrait songer à ouvrir plus largement la possibilité de l’exécution forcée en nature des obligations de faire et abolir le principe de l’exécution par équivalent, pour mettre enfin le droit en accord avec la réalité (puisqu’aussi bien la solution est déjà, en pratique et en dépit des textes - essentiellement l’article 1142 du Code civil -, le plus souvent consacrée par les juges).
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ANDREESCU, MARIUS - Principiul proporționalitãții, criteriu de admisibilitate a cererilor de înlocuire a mãsurii arestãrii preventive. În: Dreptul, nr. 4/2010, p. 169-174. „De lege ferenda”, autorul propune ca în noul Cod penal, la capitolul care reglementeazã individualizarea judiciarã a pedepsei, sã se prevadã în mod expres cã sancțiunea penalã trebuie sã fie proporționalã cu situația de fapt, gradul de pericol social al faptei și scopul legii penale. În acest fel, s-ar garanta nu numai legalitatea sancțiunilor penale aplicate, dar și legitimitatea, justețea acestora în raport cu criteriile prevãzute de lege. Subiect: arestare preventivã; principiul proporționalitãții; noul Cod penal.
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The author believes that tort liability for the “ruin of building” (regulated in a similar manner in the current Romanian Civil Code – art. 1002 –, and in the new Romanian Civil Code – art. 1378 –, the latter not yet in force) was erroneously regulated as a special form of the liability “for things”, when, in reality, the liability for the “ruin of building” is simply a case of liability “for things” (art. 1000 paragraph 1 of the current Civil Code; art. 1376 of the new Civil Code). Also, the author severely criticizes the legal regulation in both Codes due to the fact that it limits the tort liability of the owner of the ruined building exclusively to the situations in which the ruin of the building is due to the lack of maintenance or to any construction fault.
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The Romanian Civil Procedure Code currently in force regulates, among others, the cross-appeal and the caused appeal, but these remedies are not regulated in the hypothesis of the (extraordinary) second appeal. The new Romanian Civil Procedure Code (published on 15 June 2010, but not yet in force) enacts both the caused cross-appeal and the caused cross-second appeal. After presenting the new regulation, the authors consider that, while the cross-/caused appeal is justified (since the appeal is a devolutionary remedy), the cross-/caused second appeal is not justified, since it is not compatible with the specific nature of the extraordinary second appeal.
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LEGEA NR. 10/2001. ACŢIUNE AVÂND CA OBIECT RESTITUIREA PREÞULUI IMOBILULUI PLÃTIT DE CHIRIAŞII ALE CÃROR CONTRACTE DE VÂNZARE-CUMPÃRARE, ÎNCHEIATE POTRIVIT PREVEDERILOR LEGII NR. 112/1995, AU FOST LIPSITE DE EFECTE JURIDICE Dispoziţiile art. 501 din Legea nr. 10/2001 modificatã prin Legea nr. 1/2009 nu fac decât sã aplice instituţia rãspunderii pentru evicţiune într-un domeniu particular, cel al imobilelor preluate abuziv de stat în perioada 6 martie 1945 – 22 decembrie 1989 şi înstrãinate de stat unor chiriaşi de bunã credinţã în baza Legii nr. 112/1995. -
Dreptul larg de apreciere al autoritãţii administrative asupra punerii în executare a unor dispoziţii legale face ca neemiterea de cãtre respectiva autoritate a actului administrativ de punere în executare a dispoziţiilor de lege în cauzã sã nu constituie refuz nejustificat, în sensul art. 2 alin. (1) lit. i) din Legea nr. 554/2004. Este nelegalã, astfel, obligarea Guvernului României la emiterea unei hotãrâri prin care salariaţilor Societãţii Naţionale a Petrolului „Petrom” S.A. Bucureşti sã le fie vândute direct acţiuni ale acestei societãţi în limita a 8% din capitalul social în condiţiile art. 9 alin. (2) din anexa la O.U.G. nr. 49/1997 astfel cum a fost modificat prin art. V pct. 2 din O G. nr. 55/2003, având în vedere faptul cã prin acelaşi text legal legiuitorul a înţeles sã confere Guvernului un drept cu limite foarte largi de apreciere în ceea ce priveşte cota procentualã ce urmeazã a fi achiziţionatã de salariaţi şi momentele la care se va realiza achiziţionarea acţiunilor de cãtre aceştia. -
Cerinţa interesului de a fi actual trebuie îndeplinitã pe tot parcursul procesului, iar nu numai la momentul introducerii acþiunii. Astfel, în cazul în care pe parcursul procesului acþiunea promovatã de reclamant rãmâne fãrã interes, demersul procesual, iniþial justificat, rãmâne fãrã o finalitate practicã din punct de vedere juridic, soluţia consacratã jurisprudenţial în atare situaţii fiind aceea a respingerii acţiunii ca rãmasã fãrã interes (Înalta Curte de Casaţie şi Justiţie, Secţia comercialã, decizia nr. 2623 din 13 septembrie 2011). -
Cererea formulatã de debitorul cedat privind restituirea unei sume de bani achitatã A.V.A.S. în baza unui contract de cesiune de creanţã, prin care Ministerul Finanţelor Publice a cesionat A.V.A.S. creanţa pe care o avea faţã de societatea debitoare, sumã de bani nedatoratã, se încadreazã în dispoziţiile art. 45 din O.U.G. nr. 51/1998 care se referã la „cereri de orice naturã” privind drepturi şi obligaţii în legãturã cu activele preluate de A.V.A.S., cereri supuse unui termen special de prescripţie reglementat de art. 49 alin. (1) de 6 luni de la data la care s-a cunoscut, sau trebuia sã se cunoascã faptul sau actul pe care se întemeiazã (Înalta Curte de Casaţie şi Justiţie, Secţia a II-a civilã, decizia nr. 2928 din 4 octombrie 2011). -
In the above study the author reviews the terms of contentious appeal – according to various assumptions regulated by Law no. 554/2004 against the urban planning certificate, appraisals or agreements served for the issue of the building permit by relevant authorities in the field of environment protection and water management. Key words: urban planning certificate; appraisals/agreements for the issue of the building permit by relevant authorities in the field of environment protection and water management; legal requirements; applicable laws. -
Law no. 272/2004 regulated – in the aggregate – the legal regime of protection and promotion of the rights of children in Romania. In the research hereby, the author conveys some viewpoints on the rules of law mentioned in relation to the exercise of parental rights and responsibilities when determining the special protection measure of placement by the child protection committee, committee settled by the same law. -
Potrivit art. 145 alin. 12 lit. f C.pr.pen., organul judiciar care a dispus mãsura preventivã a obligãrii de a nu pãrãsi localitatea poate impune învinuitului sau inculpatului ca pe durata mãsurii „sã nu exercite profesia, meseria sau sã nu desfãşoare activitatea în exercitarea cãreia a sãvârşit fapta”, şi anume sã nu-şi exercite atribuţiile de primar (cu notã criticã). -
Government Emergency Ordinance No. 71/2009, serially amended and supplemented by Government Emergency Ordinances Nos. 18/2010 and 45/2010 established that Court decisions that became enforceable until December 31, 2009 and that concern salary rights to the benefit of the personnel from the budgetary sector shall be paid by budgetary authorities and institutions as follows: 34% in 2012; 33% in 2013; 33% in 2014, of the value of the enforceable title. The author considers that Government Emergency Ordinance No. 71/2009 (as amended and supplemented) does not infringe Protocol No. 1 to the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, as well as the applicable jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. -
This study is dedicated to the Special Part of the Criminal Procedure Code, in terms of the amendments brought by Law No. 202/2010, with reference to criminal prosecution, judgment on the merits, ordinary and extraordinary means of challenge, enforcement decisions or special judgment procedures. The study contains equally an analysis of the new regulations introduced in the field of recourse in the interest of the law. The text comments concerning the referral of the case to another Prosecutor’ Office, the information of the next hearing date, the judgment in case of admittance of guilt, the limits of the recourse judgment, the procedure in case of review can be indicated as examples. For an easier understanding of the study, the sequence of the analyzed legal regulations complies with both the structure of the Criminal Procedure Code, and with the chronology of the texts of the amending laws. Otherwise, given the fact that the work is especially addressing practitioners in criminal law and in criminal procedural law and given the fact that, for reasons of economy of the publishing space, the amended or amending texts were only rarely and partially reproduced, authors believe that the latter should be concomitantly available for a complete understanding of the study. With special reference to the contents of the second part of the study, emphasis needs to be placed on the fact that the work tried to highlight both the progressive and positively innovating provisions in the criminal procedure, and certain errors, non-compliances or legislative omissions or potential lack of correlation with the constitutional provisions. CUMPĂRĂ ACUM
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Article 322 section 5, second phrase of the (Romanian) Code of Civil Procedure provides that review of a final and binding decision in the Appellate Court or non-appealed and of a ruling passed by a court of last resort upon merits called forth may be requested „whether, following the rendering of the decision, a court order which grounded the decision under review claimed was abated or amended.” The author, in light of the practice of the European Court of Human Rights, considers that the purport should be interpreted narrowly. Accordingly, the scope of Article 322 section 5, second phrase of the (Romanian) Code of Civil Procedure may cover uncertified court orders exclusively (referred to as binding) because only these can be amended / abated under appeal or recourse, and not judgments passed within right of review procedures such as review or appeal for annulment, on account of complying with the principle of legal certainty. -
Arbitration is an alternative private jurisdiction to the State jurisdiction, in order to settle civil litigations. The private character of this jurisdiction is marked by the decisive role of the autonomy of will of the parties in the organization and conduct of arbitration, in the establishment of the arbitral tribunal, in which the arbitrators nominated by the parties are not designated by a public authority or by a public institution. The arbitrary source of the arbitration merges with the judicial nature conferred by the judgment pronounced, which enjoys the authority of res judicata and is executed in exactly the same way as any judgment pronounced by a state court. As a result, arbitration has a dual, contractual nature, through its source, and jurisdictional, through the judgment pronounced. In the present study several objectives have been pursued on the subject discussed, namely establishing the legal nature of the arbitral jurisdiction, the types of arbitration convention and its role, the elements of convergence between the arbitration clause and compromise, the formal requirements of the arbitration convention, its limits and the consequences and the exceptions from these limits in terms of trial, the conditions of validity of the arbitration convention, its effects and its effectiveness, the causes of cessation of the arbitration convention. -
The study aims to analyze the particularities of the cases of resolution of the maintenance contract, a contract that has its own, express regulation in the new Civil Code, as novelty. Some of these cases of resolution are expressly indicated in Article 2263 of the new Civil Code, and for other cases reference is made to the application of express provisions specific to the life annuity contract. As novelty, the new Civil Code (Article 2255) provides for the conclusion of the maintenance contract in authentic form, under the sanction of absolute nullity, a modification with implications on the resolution of the contracts because the conditions of execution will be clearer. The study analyzes the cases of resolution, which are the specific aspects and effects of the resolution of the maintenance contract. The analysis of the cases of resolution of the maintenance contract is made by identifying some relations and delimitations against the life annuity contract. The article examines whether the resolution is a cause of cessation of the contract or a sanction for the non-performance of the contract without justification, the last solution being the suitable one.
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The study is devoted to the institution of civil tort liability, namely the matter of reparable prejudices, with a special look at the special assumption of liability consisting in the damage to the right to one’s own image, as a right of the human personality. The analysis has as its starting point the presentation of a case-law solution, whereby the court has awarded civil damages for non-property prejudices caused by committing an illegal act, consisting in the launching, without the consent of the complainant, on a social networking site of wide circulation – Facebook, of a blog for public debates about his professional work, in which he has used his image, without obtaining prior consent. As objectives of our research, we have established the conditions for the reparable prejudices under the tort liability, followed by an analysis of the special liability assumption by bringing prejudice to the right to one’s own image, as right of personality. In the realization of the study, through the results obtained, we have found that this way of approaching the topic by presenting a case study followed by a doctrinal analysis can be a useful tool for theoreticians, but also for the practitioners of law, in achieving the topicality and complexity of the problems, from the perspective of the legal discourse of the controversial issues, as well as of the didactic one.
