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The article aims to analyze the regime of regulation and of application of punishments ordered by the judgments of the international criminal courts, at a moment when the two ad-hoc tribunals, the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, are in a period close to the end of their mandate, and the International Criminal Court is undergoing crystallization of a practice, after the first final judgments of its activity were delivered. There are reviewed, on the one hand, the regulations within the statutes of these courts on punishments, their doctrinal foundations, as well as controversial aspects or aspects which give rise to comments in their judicial practice. There are also mentioned some aspects concerning the enforcement of punishments, taking into account the special circumstances in which these courts carry on their activity. -
In this paper there are presented a number of aspects on a subject of great present interest: tax fraud. The theoretical approach of this contemporary scourge has been carried out starting from the identification of the factors which favour it and of the forms of operation, ending in the review of the measures for combating it and of the types of applicable sanctions.
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This study focuses on the difficulties identified in the practice of the law courts which establishes the processual remedy made available by the criminal processual law assuming that two or more criminal judgments, on the same subject, were pronounced at different times. Thus, the judicial practice has outlined different visions in the qualification of the legal remedy given the proximity that may be encountered between the case of review on the irreconcilability of the judgments and the case of appeal for annulment on the infringement of the authority of res iudicata.
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The non-unitary practice of some courts and public prosecutor’s offices in the district of the Court of Appeal of Oradea, generated by the different interpretation of some legal provisions in the criminal and criminal processual matters, gives the author the opportunity for some comments and de lege ferenda proposals. This study deals with the controversial aspects referring to the following institutions of criminal law and of criminal processual law: the jurisdiction of the judge of rights and freedoms in the matter of preventive measures in case of joining some cases; the complex offence or the formal concurrence of offences in case of committing some acts of outrage or judiciary outrage; the solutions of the preliminary chamber; the territorial jurisdiction of the criminal prosecution bodies under the terms of unique referrals; the concurrence of qualifications (of texts, of rules) or ideal concurrence of offences; the legal nature of the institutions of waiver of application of the punishment and the postponement of the application of punishment.
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In this study there are analyzed the categories of administrative acts on which there were controversies about the exercise of judicial control of these acts by means of a plea of illegality regulated by Article 4 of the Law on administrative disputed claims No 554/2004, especially prior to the amendment and supplementation of this legal text by the Law No 76/2012 for the implementation of the new Civil Procedure Code. Likewise, it is emphasized the concern of the legislator to settle the doctrinal and jurisprudential controversies concerning the scope of the object covered by this plea, by the amendments and supplements brought by this latter normative act, but, nevertheless, it is not out of the question that some of these controversies will also continue in the new legislative context, until a stable case law in the matter is formed.
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The study is devoted to the systematic analysis of the provisions of the Law No 8/1996 on copyright and neighbouring rights devoted to the legal status of the computer programs. The analysis is also carried out by considering the internal regulations in relation to those of the Directive of the Council of the European Communities No 91/250/EEC on the legal protection of the computer programs. Specifically, the object of the analysis covers aspects such as: the definition of the computer programs; their legal nature; the elements of the computer programs subject to legal protection and those that elude this protection; the copyright holders in case of computer programs; the rights resulting from the creation of the computer programs; the capitalization of patrimonial rights in the case of computer programs.
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The study reiterates, in other aspects, the previously conducted analysis of the autonomy of the labour law, having in view the preamble of a civil decision of the 7th Division for cases concerning labour and social insurance disputes, within the Court of Appeal of Bucharest. This preamble also states: „The provisions of the Civil Code have nature of general law, representing the common law in the matter of civil legal relations in a broader sense, a matter where the labour relations are also included.” This study shows that, if such a statement would be retained, this would mean to accept implicitly the inexistence of autonomy of the labour law. As a result, it briefly analyzes the main specific features of the labour relations compared to the civil ones, reiterating that the labour law is a mixed branch of law, autonomous, but not independent from the civil law, a component of the private law. The rules of the civil law apply, as rules of common law, only subsidiarily, in the absence of some specific regulations of labour law and unless this is contrary to the particularities of the legal labour relations.
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The following study concerns the causes of inadmissibility in the Romanian constitutional jurisdiction. Thus, after a series of preliminary considerations, the authors examine, in detail, in the light of the case law of the Constitutional Court of Romania, the following: – the causes of inadmissibility regarding the legality of the referral; – the causes of inadmissibility in connection with the authors of the referral; – the causes of inadmissibility referring to the motivation of the referral; – other elements related to the legality of the referral; – the causes of inadmissibility concerning the extent of the control; – the causes of inadmissibility referring to the jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court.
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The tax administrative disputes, as a branch of the administrative disputes, a fundamental institution of the state of law, meant to protect and guarantee the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens, becomes particularly important after the accession of Romania to the European Union. In this context, by the adoption of the new Fiscal Procedure Code, harmonized with the European acts in the matter, the fiscal processual rules which regulate the matter of the tax administrative disputes enjoy a greater clarity, quality and predictability. Starting from these desiderata, this study aims at analyzing the main amendments and supplements brought by the new Fiscal Procedure Code, in the matter of the tax administrative disputes, in relation to the provisions of the Fiscal Procedure Code in force.
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Within this study, the author has analyzed, in the light of the new Fiscal Procedure Code and also of the current one, the forms of the sanction of the fiscal obligation and the mechanism of their operation depending on the category of creditors that may be, on the one hand, the fiscal bodies, and, on the other hand, the taxpayers that are entitled to the refund or the reimbursement of some amounts from the public budget. Similarly, the author has made the necessary distinctions between the types of sanctions depending on whether the fiscal claims pertain to the central budget or to the local budget. Finally, the author has analyzed the modalities of granting the delay interests for the failure to refund the amounts from the budget due to the taxpayers depending on the cause which has generated these fiscal claims, respectively the fault of the fiscal bodies or of the taxpayers themselves.
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The article analyzes the facultative jurisdiction of the court seized with an application promoted by a judge, a prosecutor, a registrar, a legal assistant, who act as plaintiffs in an application for which the court where they carry on their activity has jurisdiction. The analysis focuses on the meaning and the interpretation of the phrase „court where they carry on their activity”.
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The article offers an analysis of the regulation of the institution of unworthiness to inherit as regulated by the Civil Code which entered into force on 1 October 2011. First the author had in view both the influences of the foreign regulations which served as a model for drafting the normative act and the conclusions of the Romanian doctrine and of the case law relevant in the matter, which the Romanian legislator has taken into account. Starting from the nature of civil sanction of the unworthiness to inherit, there are analyzed the modalities which can remove the effects thereof, formulating, at the same time, relevant de lege ferenda proposals in order to create a unitary system as comprehensive as possible relative to the related procedure.
