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Rail freight contract in the Republic of Moldova’s Law is that contract by which the State Enterprise „Moldova Railways”, via a regional subdivision as carrier, undertakes in return of shipping charges (tariff) to transport within a given period, to watch over and to release the goods arrived at the railway station of destination to the person whose name is mentioned on the consignment note. Rail freight contract is a variation of contract for carriage of goods in general. Therefore, based on its legal regulation there are two categories of legal rules: general – the rules of the Civil Code of the Republic of Moldova and special – the rules of the Rail Code of the Republic of Moldova and other subordinate legal regulations. Special Rule enjoys priority over the general rule. The railway is a system of state concern, being monopoly enterprise within the territory of the Republic of Moldova. All railway territorial subdivisions are subordinated to the railway central government. In turn, the consignor may be a public or private legal entity or a natural person that submits merchandise to be carried for personal needs. The law does not require special conditions for shippers. Shippers individuals have the right to carry goods for personal needs, family, household and other non-related to the entrepreneurial activity. In this case, they shall be treated equally to all customers and shall be granted all rights under consumer protection legislation. -
In the study hereby, the author makes a comparative analysis of the problematics of conflict between freedom of the press and reputation in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights and the United States Supreme Court, respectively, managing to capture a number of differences regarding the deviation of the litigious issue.
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According to art. 20 para. 2 in the Criminal Code, it is called tentative also in the case where „due to the fact that when the acts of execution have been committed, the object was missing from the place the offender believed it were”. This case is defined by the means and the material object, because these two entities are considered the effect’s agents. In the absence of the material object from the place where the offender believed it were, the criminal doctrine concluded two assumptions: first, called the relative impossibility, implies that the material object was absent from the scene while performing acts of execution by the author, while, in case of absolute impossibility, the material object was absent. For a complete image of the role the material object plays within the attempt, the author introduced also some references on the Italian, German and Anglo-American criminal law.
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Based on provisions of art. 20 of the Romanian Constitution, republished, and considering the provisions of art. 5 para. 4 of the Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the principle of equality of arms and related jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), the authors argue that both de lege lata, and in terms of the new Criminal Procedure Code, the detainee is in a position of net disadvantage to the prosecution represented by the prosecutor, since the defendant to whom, on the merits, the request for revocation of preventive detention or its replacement was rejected, it is not given the opportunity to effective remedy. Consequently, the authors make some suggestions de lege ferenda in order to regulate this situation in accordance with the provisions in Constitution and the ECHR jurisprudence.
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The following study reviews the Ukrainian and Romanian legislation regarding the protection of persons belonging to the Romanian minority in the Republic of Ukraine. The author concludes that relevant statutory regulations exist, but their actual implementation leaves much to be desired. Finally, it is considered that the Romanian State must have the legal and moral duty to participate actively in the life of Romanian communities in neighboring countries (among which Ukraine is included), but obviously by observing the principle of sovereignty and noninterference in internal affairs of these States.
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The article hereby reviews the arguments on the need for detention of the presumption of innocence in contravention and, therefore, the proper application of the provisions of art. 6 of the (European) Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Arguments are the result of uniform and consistent theories and practices of the European Court of Human Rights and the provisions of the Constitution of Romania, republished. Given these arguments, the author considers that the presumption of innocence in contravention is mandatory for the Romanian courts when a complaint of contravention is submitted for trial against a sanctioning act. In conclusion, it urges that the High Court of Cassation and Justice order by an appeal, in the interest of the law, guidance for uniform practice in contravention and / or the legislator to amend laws on this issue, to that effect.
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In this study, the two authors examine the procedure of establishing local councils in the Romanian legislation and reveal a series of ambiguities of the legal rules regulating various stages of this procedure, ambiguities generated in particular by the circumstance that the given procedure is regulated in the content of three regulations, namely: art. 28–35 of the Local Public Administration Law no. 215/2001 (republished in 2007, then amended and supplemented several times), art. 1–10 of the Government Ordinance no. 35/2002 for approving the Regulation on the organization and operation of local councils; art. 6–8 of Law no. 393/2004 on the statute of local elected officials (and the latest two regulations being amended and completed several times). Taking into consideration this situation, the authors propose a series of solutions for creating a more coherent legislative framework in this field. -
The article presents some considerations regarding the procedural provisions related to the system of the means of proof, as it is regulated by the new Criminal Procedure Code. The author examines the new provisions establishing the enunciative system, in relation to the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code in force, which establishes the completeness of the means of proof.
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This study is designed to carry out a general examination of the provisions established in Law no. 202/2010 regarding certain measures to accelerate the resolution of trials. The author presents the most significant amendments and supplements brought to the current civil procedure code in various fields: the judgment before the trial court, the appeal, the second appeal, the special procedure and the enforcement. The author also formulates opinions regarding some of the new legislative interventions. However, some “innovative” solutions are also emphasized in relation to the provisions of the new Civil Procedure Code itself, some of them being considered by the author questionable.
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The Lisbon Treaty is designed to replace the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe. Its adoption brings about an improvement of the institutional law system of the European Union, due to the coming into force of the Charter of the Fundamental Rights of the European Union. It was proclaimed by the European institutions (the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union) on the occasion of the European Council of Nice on 7 December 2000 and its wording states for the first time in a single document, on the whole, the social, economic, civil and political rights that all the European citizens can benefit of.
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By Law no. 221/2009 on political convictions and the administrative measures related to them, pronounced during 6 March 1945 – 22 December 1989. This law provides for two categories of political convictions (during the mentioned period), namely two categories of administrative measures of a political nature, namely: the first category (by right), when the political nature of the criminal conviction (administrative measures) results from certain legal texts, explicitly indicated by Law no. 221/2009; the second category, when the political nature of the criminal conviction (administrative measures) can be established – at the request of the interested party –, at present, by the civil court. At the same time, either in the case of the first category, or in the case of the second category, the person in question, the husband/wife or the descendants (up to the 2nd degree) may request ordering the Romanian State to pay moral damages. According to the texts of Law no. 221/2009, the prosecutor’s participation is mandatory only in case the establishment by the civil court of the political nature of the criminal conviction or of the administrative measure is previously discussed.
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In this study, the author makes an analysis of the notion of “consumer” according to art. 6 of the Regulation (EC) no. 593/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 on the law applicable to contractual obligations (called „Rome I) as compared to the regulation of this notion in the Romanian law (mainly in the Consumer Code – Law no. 296/2004 as subsequently amended and supplemented), emphasizing that the established Romanian law in this matter, although slightly different from the European law (Rome I) does not contradict the European law, but only explains it better and, partially, extends its incidence, and this to the benefit of consumers.
