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Searching for a matter of convergence between the specialties of each author, in a mutuus consensus sine qua non, the authors finally stopped on the ancient in dubio pro reo driven by a bunch of original ideas, which they considered worth to be presented. Naturally, subsequently, they had both sympathizers and critics, each category having its well-determined role in the evolution of the Law science. With an age-old existence, the authors consider that in dubio pro reo has managed to pass the test of time in the light of the splendid “justness” it incorporates in its content. Exactly from this perspective, the authors intend to emphasize its luxuriant color fan, extending to the whole “world” of Law, releasing it from the strict limitation of criminal area. -
In the current stage, the economic-financial crime represents the main factor through which the consolidated State budget or the special budgets are deprived of important financial sources. In this article, the author has intended to make an analysis of the tax evasion crimes committed by withholding and not paying to the State budget, within the legal periods, the amounts representing taxes or withholding taxes, with direct consequences both on the budgetary resources and on the social insurance rights of the employees.
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The article presents the extended confiscation from the perspective of the Council Framework Decision 2005/212/JHA of 24 February 2005 on Confiscation of Crime-Related Proceeds, Instrumentalities and Properties, supporting the opportunity of its transposition into the domestic law, considering justified the fact that the perpetrator of a crime is required to prove the illicit origin of products presumed to be connected with a crime of a certain seriousness, by reducing or reversing the burden of proof as regards the source of the properties held by a person convicted for an offense related to organized crime, under a special procedure established by law.
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1.- La signification de la planification hydrologique dans la Directive Cadre sur l’Eau. 2.- Les retards significatifs des États dans l’application de la Directive. 3.- Les districts hydrographiques comme référence des plans hydrologiques. 4.Les autorités administratives responsables des districts hydrographiques. 5.- Les procédures d’élaboration des plans hydrologiques. 6.- Le contenu des plans hydrologiques. 7.- Valeur et effets des plans hydrologiques. 8.- Le contrôle judiciaire des plans hydrologiques. Bibliographie.
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La protection et mise en valeur du patrimoine culturel et naturel constituent deux des vecteurs de l’actuelle politique d’aménagement du territoire au Portugal. Il ne s’agit pas d’un aspect étonnant, prise en considération la richesse et diversité des biens (culturels et naturels) que le Pays dispose. Ainsi, et en ce qui concerne le patrimoine naturel, l’ensemble d’aires classées à l’abri du Réseau 2000 et du Réseau National des Aires Protégées représentait, déjà en 2005, 21,3% du territoire national, s’élevant même, dans certaines zones, à 50% de la surface total (comme il arrive dans la NUT de Serra da Estrela) 1. À son tour, les actions de sauvegarde et de mise en valeur du patrimoine culturel ont augmenté exponentiellement, se traduisant dans une croissance considérable du nombre de biens classés, qui a augmenté près de 85% entre 1980 et 2003. En effet, il y a des aires avec une grande concentration de patrimoine classé, comme il arrive au Norte Litoral, Área Metropolitana do Porto (avec extension vers Douro), Beira Interior, Área Metropolitana de Lisboa (avec extension vers Vale do Tejo), Alto Alentejo et Alentejo Central, avec un grand poids dans le patrimoine archéologique2.
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This study, having as theme general and special observations regarding the new Romanian Civil Procedure Code (Law no. 134/2010), after some brief preliminary observations, proceeds to a more thorough analysis of the fundamental themes of this Code, namely: the accentuation of procedural liberalism; the quality of the civil procedure law; the right of access to justice; the uniform interpretation and application of the law by the courts; celerity in the civil trial; accentuation of the effectiveness of remedies at law; higher-quality valorization of enforcement orders.
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The author, making a (comparative) analysis between the regulation of voluntary intervention – principal and accessory – in the new Civil Procedure Code (published on 15 July 2010, but not yet in force), and that of art. 49–56 of the current Code, emphasizes that the essential difference between them is that, in the new Code, the application for voluntary intervention (principal or accessory) is admissible only in a “trial that is judged between the original parties”. Afterwards, examining the consequences of this situation, other discussions are also formulated regarding: the period within which the application for accessory intervention may be filed, as well as the regulations in the new Civil Procedure Code regarding the remedies against the rulings issued by courts of law in relation to the admissibility – mainly – of the application for intervention.
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C’est d’abord une évidence que nombre de dispositions édictées en 1804 ont sensiblement vieilli et qu’elles méritent une sérieuse cure de rajeunissement, dans la forme comme dans le fond. Mais c’est surtout du point de vue du fond que des changements apparaissent à la fois urgents et nécessaires. Ils semblent devoir s’orienter autour de deux axes principaux. Le premier consiste à faire évoluer notre droit dans le sens d’une plus grande justice contractuelle. Cela suppose évidemment la recherche d’un meilleur équilibre entre les droits et les obligations de chacune des parties, par exemple en cas de lésion ou d’imprévision. Mais cela implique aussi une protection plus efficace du contractant considéré comme en situation de faiblesse et qui n’est pas en mesure de se défendre lui-même. Il faut, en effet, mettre fin à la fiction d’une égalité parfaite entre les parties et, sans renoncer, bien sûr, au principe de liberté contractuelle, faire place à la notion de « dépendance économique », qui est cruciale dans nombre de contrats (contrats de travail, de bail, d’assurance et, de façon générale, tous les contrats d’adhésion). C’est d’ailleurs là que se pose la question de savoir s’il ne conviendrait pas d’étendre la portée de certaines dispositions - comme le devoir d’information, l’interdiction des clauses abusives ou le principe de l’interprétation en faveur de la partie privée d’un véritable pouvoir de négociation -, qui restent trop souvent limitées à ce jour aux relations entre professionnels et consommateurs. Mais c’est, en revanche, au juge qu’il devrait revenir de faire mieux respecter la volonté des parties, à tous les stades de la vie du contrat, et ceci au moins de deux façons. D’une part, le nouveau Code devrait attacher des effets accrus à certaines manifestations unilatérales de volonté, qu’il s’agisse de promesses de contracter, de détermination du prix (suivant des modalités fixées à l’avance) ou de résolution du contrat en cas d’inexécution par l’autre partie (même en l’absence d’une clause expresse en ce sens). D’autre part, on pourrait songer à ouvrir plus largement la possibilité de l’exécution forcée en nature des obligations de faire et abolir le principe de l’exécution par équivalent, pour mettre enfin le droit en accord avec la réalité (puisqu’aussi bien la solution est déjà, en pratique et en dépit des textes - essentiellement l’article 1142 du Code civil -, le plus souvent consacrée par les juges).
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ANDREESCU, MARIUS - Principiul proporționalitãții, criteriu de admisibilitate a cererilor de înlocuire a mãsurii arestãrii preventive. În: Dreptul, nr. 4/2010, p. 169-174. „De lege ferenda”, autorul propune ca în noul Cod penal, la capitolul care reglementeazã individualizarea judiciarã a pedepsei, sã se prevadã în mod expres cã sancțiunea penalã trebuie sã fie proporționalã cu situația de fapt, gradul de pericol social al faptei și scopul legii penale. În acest fel, s-ar garanta nu numai legalitatea sancțiunilor penale aplicate, dar și legitimitatea, justețea acestora în raport cu criteriile prevãzute de lege. Subiect: arestare preventivã; principiul proporționalitãții; noul Cod penal.
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The author believes that tort liability for the “ruin of building” (regulated in a similar manner in the current Romanian Civil Code – art. 1002 –, and in the new Romanian Civil Code – art. 1378 –, the latter not yet in force) was erroneously regulated as a special form of the liability “for things”, when, in reality, the liability for the “ruin of building” is simply a case of liability “for things” (art. 1000 paragraph 1 of the current Civil Code; art. 1376 of the new Civil Code). Also, the author severely criticizes the legal regulation in both Codes due to the fact that it limits the tort liability of the owner of the ruined building exclusively to the situations in which the ruin of the building is due to the lack of maintenance or to any construction fault.
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The Romanian Civil Procedure Code currently in force regulates, among others, the cross-appeal and the caused appeal, but these remedies are not regulated in the hypothesis of the (extraordinary) second appeal. The new Romanian Civil Procedure Code (published on 15 June 2010, but not yet in force) enacts both the caused cross-appeal and the caused cross-second appeal. After presenting the new regulation, the authors consider that, while the cross-/caused appeal is justified (since the appeal is a devolutionary remedy), the cross-/caused second appeal is not justified, since it is not compatible with the specific nature of the extraordinary second appeal.
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LEGEA NR. 10/2001. ACŢIUNE AVÂND CA OBIECT RESTITUIREA PREÞULUI IMOBILULUI PLÃTIT DE CHIRIAŞII ALE CÃROR CONTRACTE DE VÂNZARE-CUMPÃRARE, ÎNCHEIATE POTRIVIT PREVEDERILOR LEGII NR. 112/1995, AU FOST LIPSITE DE EFECTE JURIDICE Dispoziţiile art. 501 din Legea nr. 10/2001 modificatã prin Legea nr. 1/2009 nu fac decât sã aplice instituţia rãspunderii pentru evicţiune într-un domeniu particular, cel al imobilelor preluate abuziv de stat în perioada 6 martie 1945 – 22 decembrie 1989 şi înstrãinate de stat unor chiriaşi de bunã credinţã în baza Legii nr. 112/1995.
