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The present paper makes a critical analysis of the legal norms regarding the validity of the mandates of the local elected counselors’, putting into evidence the way in which a procedure, that must be by excellence a juridical one, was changed into an instrument for the achievement of the political interests of some election competitors. The study demonstrates that the self – assessment procedure of the departmental counselors’ mandates and of the local ones, introduced by modifying the law of the local public administration authorities’ election, within several days before the general election in June 2008, is contrary to the constitutional principles and of the rules that must govern a state of law. The author does not make only simple critical remarks, but he also presents solutions for entering into legality, by settling validation competences of t6he departmental and local counselors, by the courts, according to the procedure applied to the other local elected persons. -
Preliminarily, the above study states the classification of interest in the Romanian Civil Law, according to the criterion of interest cause or in relation to the interest rate function. Further, the author reviews in detail - by comparing one to the other, as well - the moratory interest and the compensatory interest in the Romanian Civil Law (both the current Civil Code and the new Romanian Civil Code, published on July 24th, 2007, yet unenforced).
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In compliance with art. 24 para. 2 of Law no. 130/1996 regarding the collective bargaining agreement (republished on May 19th, 1998), the nullity of the collective bargaining agreement clauses “is ascertained by the relevant court at the instance of the interested party.” The issue reviewed by the author of the above-mentioned research is whether the active procedural legitimation under such circumstances enjoy only parties that, lawfully, conclude collective bargaining agreements (the labor union represented, where appropriate, by the union representative or employees’ representative and management, respectively) or active procedural legitimation (i.e., any employee may be qualified as plaintiff, acting, therefore, ut singuli). The author judges that judicious interpretation of purport of art. 24 para. 2 of Law no. 130/1996 bears negational value (why ut singuli employee is deprived of such right), enjoying none but requiring the representative trade union / employees’ representatives to take legal proceedings.
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Starting from a finding of the relevant division within the European Commission (i.e., in present-day Europe, women earn on average 17.8% of men’s earnings for the same jobs), the author conducts an extensive and interesting analysis on legislation encompassing primary law (treaties) and secondary law (regulations, directives) of the European Union, as well as on the jurisprudence of the European Union Court of Justice regarding the prohibition of discrimination between men and women in terms of remuneration (salary) (income gender gap). In this context, the author reviews the Romanian legislation and the Romanian Constitutional Court’s resolutions on this issue, altogether.
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Considering, on the one hand, a number of projects for the unification of European law, adopted in last decades (Unidroit Principles, Principles of European Contract Law, European Code of Contracts, The Common Reference Framework etc.) and, on the other hand, a series of legal reasoning arguments, the author discusses at length some questionable terminology choices in the new Romanian Civil Code (Law no. 287/2009, published on July 24th, 2009, yet unenforced), for instance: invasion of right to privacy rather than breach of this right; no legal distinction sensed between duty and obligation, between damage and injury; between the object of the obligation and the contract’s subject matter; there are references to the object of the obligation instead of impossibility of provision etc.
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The problem of the capacity of exercise of the minor patient, deprived of liberty, has relevance for all types of penitentiary police units, which can keep minors in their custody, but also for the public health network, because all these institutions can face the problem of obtaining the consent for the execution of a medical intervention on the minor deprived of liberty. The minor patient in the custody of the penitentiary police enjoys the same autonomy, in relation to the expression of informed consent, as the free minor patient, according to the principle of equivalence, his right to health care being guaranteed, without any discrimination in relation to his legal situation. In reference to the problems regarding the capacity of exercise of the minor deprived of liberty, required for the consent to the medical act, there are applicable both legal norms of civil law, as well as norms of medical law and criminal executional law.
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The present article aims to analyse the antinomy contravention – offence by studying the incrimination of the deed of disturbance of public order and peace. Thus, the legislator, within Article 2 point 1 of the Law No 61/1991 for sanctioning the acts of violation of certain norms of social coexistence, of the public order and peace, incriminates the contravention consisting in committing in public of obscene deeds, acts or gestures, addressing of insults, offensive or vulgar expressions, threats with acts of violence against persons or their property, which may disturb public order and peace or provoke the indignation of citizens or harm the dignity and honour thereof or public institutions. On the other hand, according to Article 371 of the Criminal Code, the act of the person who, in public, by violence committed against persons or property or by serious threats or injuries to the dignity of the persons, disturbs the public order and peace is punished by imprisonment from 3 months to 2 years or with fine. It is easy to find, comparatively analysing, that there is a parallelism of the incriminations, which extract their vigour from spheres of different legal liability, thus the judicial interpreter having the difficult mission to distinguish the conditions in which the two forms of liability are employed, respectively if both can be retained simultaneously, successively or the application of one of them brings about ipso facto the removal of the other.
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This article analyses the problem of international criminal liability for offences against cultural heritage. The author has considered three offences against cultural values: smuggling of cultural values, destruction of cultural goods and theft of cultural goods. The investigation of the offences against cultural values includes a number of aspects: the nature of the offences against cultural values; the advantages of the international or national character of the liability for the offences against cultural values; the circumstances of committing offences against cultural assets (for example the existence of an armed conflict); the objectives of committing offences against cultural values (their export as a treasure, the destruction of the cultural heritage; intimidation); the possible effects of the offences against cultural values. Based on these aspects, the author identifies a series of categories of offences against cultural assets. Each of these categories is analysed from the point of view of international liability.
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The unpredictability involves the intervention of the judge in a contractual legal relationship. Intellectual property can be considered a „laboratory” in which the intervention of the judge in the agreement of the parties has always been allowed. Without any connection with the unpredictability, in patent law there are legal mechanisms that allow the court to intervene to complete the contract regarding the quantum of the price in order to encourage the exploitation of the invention. In this hypothesis, the parties agree to contract, they do so, setting even the object of the contract, less the sale price. In other cases, the parties are obliged to contract by law, the court being required to intervene in the contractual mechanism established by law to determine the price. In Romania it cannot be argued that under the influence of the previous Civil Code the legislator has ruled on the non-application de plano of the unpredictability and that he would have been in favour of its application in certain special laws, such as the one from the field of intellectual property, because the reason for the judge’s intervention in the agreement of the parties is to favour the exploitation of intellectual creations, encouraging creativity. In the new Civil Code the conditions of the unpredictability are: 1. the existence of an excessive onerosity caused by an exceptional change (out of the ordinary, and not an ordinary one, simple or routine) and unforeseen (unpredictable), including as extension, of the circumstances existing at the conclusion of the contract. Excessive onerosity represents a contractual imbalance in relation to the initial contractual balance, which must exist as long as neither of the parties’ benefits can have a significantly higher value than the other, in the light of the regulation of the injury in the new Civil Code.
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In the present study, the author analyses the provisions newly introduced by the Law No 129/2019 in the matter of the real beneficiary in the case of the fiduciary operation regulated by Articles 773–791 of the Civil Code. The provisions regarding the real beneficiary constitute the transposition into national law of two directives, namely Directive (EU) 2015/849 [amended by Directive (EU) 2018/843)], respectively Directive (EU) 2016/2.258. Analysing the versions in several official languages of the European Union (in particular the English and French languages) in comparison with the Romanian version, the author comes to the conclusion of an insufficiently analysed translation and in reference to the applicable legal provisions regarding the Romanian version, which does not sufficiently study the substantial differences between the fiduciary operation and the equivalent of the Anglo-Saxon law, namely the trust. This results in a difference between the English and French versions, respectively the Romanian version.
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This paper analyzes the principle of mutual recognition as a method of legal integration specific to EU law but also, in the form of Full Faith and Credit and Extradition Clauses, in the U.S. Constitution and law. The article presents a brief historical perspective on this principle, of its roots in Anglo-Saxon law and its direct continuity in U.S. law, but also of taking over, through legal hybridization, in combination with the harmonization method, in EU law. The work analyses: the function of legal integration of the principle, as an essential component of both American federalism and the EU legal order, its fundamental characteristics and its conditions of application and the topic of Interstate Extradition Clause versus European Arrest Warrant. The Articles of Confederation, the U.S. Constitution, federal laws, uniform laws, the case-law of the U.S. Supreme Court and other U.S. courts, altogether with the EU fundamental treaties, the legal acts of the European Union and the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of European Union were considered. Numerous similarities have emerged from the comparative analysis, but also some differences, coming from the different paradigms of American federalism and, respectively, of the EU legal order.
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The paper analyzes the conditions for exercising the revision in the criminal trial, respectively the judgments subject to revision, the category of persons who can exercise it, the time limits of declaration, the form in which the application and its content must be made. The study relates to the case law of the national courts before and after the entry into force of the new Criminal Procedure Code, as well as to the relevant provisions of other European legislations. At the same time, there are considered the provisions of the Draft Law for amending and completing the Criminal Procedure Code adopted in the summer of 2018, respectively PL-x No 373/2018.
