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In this study the authors examine, rather exhaustively, the problems of regulating the submission of the written notes by the parties, namely: both the „common law” in the matter [Article 244 (2) and Article 394 (2) of the new (Romanian) Civil Procedure Code] and a series of special provisions in the field, included in the same Code [Article 244 (3); Article 244 (4); Article 222 (2); Article 383], and finally, after examining the legal consequences of the non-compliance with the mentioned rules, they formulate a series of interesting conclusions with respect to the topic discussed. -
The author, by accurately examining Book IV of the new Romanian Civil Code (regarding the inheritance and the liberalities), entered into force on 1 October 2011, notes that, as a rule, like in the previous Civil Code of 1864, there are some more important institutions of successoral law which, in his opinion, may be considered controversial (questionable), inopportune or unclear such as, for example: – the notions of „heir”; „successor”; „inheritor”; – whether the status of heir is affected or not by disinheritance or by the waiver of inheritance; – whether the contractual appointment and the preciput clause are two separate legal institutions or not; – whether the successoral reserve has an individual or collective nature; – whether the prohibition of the (mutual) consummated will is opportune or not; – whether the successoral option is always a disposition act or not; – the inopportunity of the multiple vocation to inheritance; – the questionable nature of the utility of the „seizin”.
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In this study, the author makes an analysis – partly critical – of the provisions of Article 2358 (1) and (2) of the new Romanian Civil Code referring to the assignment of the mortgage and of Article 2427 of the same Code regarding the change in rank of the mortgage. Although the author appreciates, in general, as positive the regulations of the new Romanian Civil Code related to the assignment of mortgage and to the change in its rank, separately from the claim which it guarantees, nevertheless, in the conclusion there are retained a number of shortcomings in the drafting of the mentioned texts, for which reason several de lege ferenda proposals are made.
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The former regulation – the Law No 85/2006 – did not define the principles underlying the application of the insolvency procedures, these being identified, explained and developed by the legal doctrine. The 13 principles provided by the Law No 85/2014 are applicable both to the procedures for preventing insolvency and to the insolvency procedures. The principles are applied by the bodies involved in the procedure, in the absence of some express provisions, which regulate some specific situation, or are used for the interpretation of an unclear text. Defining the principles is extremely important, the practice following to prove their usefulness, where the regulation is lacking or is unclear. This study aims to analyze comparatively the principles stated by the legal doctrine in the ambiance of the provisions of the Law No 85/2006, as well as the principles provided by Article 4 of Law No 85/2014, with special regard to the principle of maximizing the degree of realisation of assets and of recovery of claims.
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Recently (re)invented (2005) by the Italian and North American law schools, quickly developed and initially submitted as a „science a little bizarre” (J.-B. Auby, 2007), the global administrative law is one of the legal results of the phenomenon of globalization. Introducing an increasing porosity of the borders, and also a considerable development of the functions of the non-state actors, increasingly diverse and numerous, globalization creates new phenomena of adjustment, involved in the development of transparency and that contribute to the accountability of each intervener on the supranational stage. This is the background of the emergence of a global administrative law, based on a new and systematic analysis of the supra- and trans- national phenomena, mostly heteroclite in appearance. In only a decade, around these precepts, an authentic school of thought has been crystallized, developed especially in common law doctrine, less exploited in French doctrine, and its presence finding its beginning in the Romanian doctrine by this study.
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In this study it is examined the legality of the control by the Court of Audit in the matter of public procurement provided that the legislator has conferred the jurisdiction of verifying the procedure for the award of these contracts to other specialized public authorities, and has conferred to the Court of Audit powers of general control on the manner of formation, management and use of the public financial resources. Taking advantage of these control powers with a wide range of coverage, the Court of Audit has extended, unlawfully, through its own regulations, this control over a specialized field, respectively that of the procedure for the award of public procurement contracts, overlapping the control exercised by other administrative authorities and affecting the stability of the legal relations arising from these contracts. That is why it is proposed the legislator’s intervention for the express regulation of the control powers of the Court of Audit in the matter of public procurement, the conditions and limits of this control, in order to avoid the parallelism and the conflict of jurisdiction between this public authority and the other specialized administrative authorities in the field.
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The issue of blank bill of exchange titles has always been a subject that has opened the path for debates and controversies, being always of present interest. The interest of clarifying this legal figure is not only a theoretical one, but also a practical one, the blank promissory note being a means of security frequently encountered within the credit contracts concluded by banks. The advantages conferred by the blank promissory note, consisting in the easy way of establishing the title, the flexibility of its content from the perspective of its possibility of filling in, the rapidity of its conversion into a title that can be subjected to enforcement, the restriction of the debtor’s possibilities to contest it and the celerity of the procedure for settlement of such disputes, reflect undeniable arguments for the use of such a legal instrument in the professionals’ practice. This study aims to emphasize certain aspects related to the issue of the blank promissory note, its guarantee and the defences of issuer and of the guarantor of the blank promissory note within the enforcement of the bill of exchange, also with reference to the case of entry into insolvency of the issuer.
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The author raises for discussion a series of legal issues related to the proper interpretation and application of two cases of cessation of the individual labour contract, regulated by the Labour Code, namely: – the cessation de jure of the individual labour contract pursuant to Article 56 (1) c) of the Code (cessation de jure on the date of the cumulative fulfilment of the standard age conditions and of the minimum contribution period for the compulsory pension); – the dismissal determined by the dissolution of the position held by the employee (Article 65 of the Labour Code).
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The Collective labour contract unique at national level for 2007–2010 was undoubtedly a point of reference in the matter of collective negotiation from Romania, because its contractual clauses established the qualitative accumulations gathered during the conclusion of the collective labour contracts unique at national level, starting with the first contracts concluded after the entry into force of Law No 13/1991 in 1991. Having in view that, under the influence of the Law No 62/2011 (of the social dialogue), the conclusion of the Collective labour contract unique at national level is not permitted, the useful clauses of the mentioned collective labour contract can no longer be applied. In this study it is proposed the emphasis of the essential clauses of the Collective labour contract unique at national level for 2007–2010 and the formulation of a de lege ferenda proposal for their inclusion in the labour legislation.
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In this article the author expresses his opinion according to which the provisions of Article 10 of Law No 187/2012 and of Article 39 (1) b) and c) of the Criminal Code are contrary to the Constitution of Romania, republished, as well as to the European standard in the matter, namely the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights.
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This study first analyzes the amendments brought to the offence provided in Article 141 of the Law No 8/1996 by the Law No 187/2012. The author emphasizes the non-correlations of the incrimination with the moral copyrights which it protects, as well as the lack of clear and precise wordings, which should exclude any ambiguity in the drafting of the incriminating rules. The analysis of the offence provided in the special law is connected to the provisions in the matter contained in the Criminal Code, as well as to the doctrinaire opinions expressed in the field. The critical remarks expressed by the author concerning the meaning of legal rules are intended to be impulses addressed to the legislator to correct the drafting of texts, in order to achieve the desideratum of compliance with the requirements of accessibility and foreseeability of the law for its addressees.
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This study deals with the problems related to the offence provided in Article 9 of the Law No 143/2000 on preventing and combating illicit drug trafficking and consumption. The interpretation of the legal text is made by comparison with the previous regulation, but also by the literal interpretation of the indicated rule. Moreover, the author studies the modality of application of the text of law to concrete situations which may arise in the judicial practice.
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In this study it is subjected for analysis the offence of driving a vehicle under the influence of alcohol or of other substances provided by the Criminal Code in Article 336. The reason for the author's choice of this topic is determined by the fact that a more increasing number of persons commit this type of offence, as well as because the offence has suffered most of the amendments since the entry into force of the new Criminal Code up to the present day, the most important amendment being the one operated by declaring the Article 336 of the Criminal Code unconstitutional.
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In this article there have been examined comparatively the provisions of the law in force and those of the previous law, by emphasizing the elements of similarity and of distinction between the two regulations. Likewise, the author has critically examined the provisions of Article 336 (1) of the Criminal Code, also making in this regard de lege ferenda proposals designed to determine the amendment of the current provisions. The de lege ferenda proposal aims to the legislator's abandonment of the provision according to which the moment of consummation of the offence is identified with moment of taking the biological samples, motivated by the fundamental difference existing between the two moments, especially with regard to the criminal liability. The paper can be useful to the legislator, in the light of the suggested amendments, to the practitioners, as well as to all those who show concerns in this field.
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La data de 20 octombrie 2014, Înalta Curte de Casație și Justiție (ÎCCJ) – Completul pentru dezlegarea unor chestiuni de drept a soluționat trei cauze cercetând „problema de drept ce formează obiectul acțiunii privind caracterul discriminatoriu al dispozițiilor cuprinse în Ordonanța de urgență a Guvernului nr. 9/2013 privind timbrul de mediu pentru autovehicule, aprobată cu modificări și completări prin Legea nr. 37/2014, cu modificările ulterioare, în raportare la dispozițiile comunitare cu care intră în conflict”1 și „dacă dispozițiile art. 4 din Ordonanța de urgență a Guvernului nr. 9/2013 privind timbrul de mediu pentru autovehicule, aprobată cu modificări și completări prin Legea nr. 37/2014, și ale art. 1 alin. (2) din Normele metodologice de aplicare a Ordonanței de urgență a Guvernului nr. 9/2013 privind timbrul de mediu pentru autovehicule, aprobate prin Hotărârea Guvernului nr. 88/2013, se interpretează în sensul că timbrul de mediu se datorează și în situația transcrierii dreptului de proprietate asupra unui autovehicul rulat provenit de pe piața internă a cărui primă înmatriculare a fost anterioară datei de 1 ianuarie 2007”2.
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Regulile de concurență prevăzute de Tratatul privind funcționarea Uniunii Europene2 au menirea de a proteja relațiile comerciale și piața internă. Întrebarea la care răspunde studiul de față este: cine este destinatarul normelor concurențiale la nivelul Uniunii Europene? Răspunsul, deși aparent este unul foarte scurt și se referă la întreprindere (și asociațiile de întreprinderi), totuși ascunde o doctrină bogată și o jurisprudență generoasă a Curții de Justiție a Uniunii Europene. În cele ce urmează, vom analiza noțiunea de întreprindere, care are o anumită sferă de aplicare în dreptul concurențial al Uniunii Europene, cu scopul de a determina care sunt jucătorii principali vizați de normele care protejează concurența pe piața internă.
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Competența teritorială de soluționare a acțiunii având ca obiect constatarea valabilității unei convenții încheiate cu privire la un imobil și pronunțarea unei hotărâri care să țină loc de act autentic [fiind vorba deci despre o acțiune personală imobiliară, prin care reclamantul tinde la valorificarea unui drept personal, respectiv dreptul de creanță corelativ obligației de a face, urmare antecontractului încheiat cu privire la acel imobil] nu se stabilește potrivit art. 117 C.pr.civ., aplicabil exclusiv acțiunilor reale imobiliare, ci potrivit dispozițiilor de drept comun ale art. 107 C.pr.civ., conform cărora cererea se face la instanța domiciliului pârâtului. Însă, întrucât aceste norme sunt de competență relativă, nesocotirea lor poate fi invocată pe calea excepției de necompetență numai de către pârât și numai până la prima zi de înfățișare, în caz contrar instanța sesizată rămânând competentă să judece litigiul, ca urmare a decăderii pârâtului din dreptul de a invoca o excepție relativă, excepție pe care instanța nu are dreptul să o invoce din oficiu. (Înalta Curte de Casație și Justiție, Secția I civilă, Decizia nr. 842 de la 13 martie 2014)
