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In the first part of this study the authors present the advantages of parties’ representation through a lawyer, namely through a legal adviser. They’re also showing the solutions promoted in comparative law in this matter, noting that the principle of European law is that of mandatory parties’ representation by a lawyer. Authors’ approach materializes in a comprehensive analysis of the new Code of Civil Procedure provisions concerning parties’ to the appeal mandatory representation through a lawyer or legal adviser. In the authors’ opinion this requirement is aimed not only at the appellant, but also at the intimate. Individual reflections are also formulated in terms of the representation of the parties in withdrawal extraordinary remedy at law, namely the appeal for annulment and revision. The provisions of the law regarding the measures for relieving courts and preparing the implementation of Law no. 134/2010 regarding the Code of Civil Procedure are also analyzed, summarized in the final part of the study. This normative act contains a particular provision on judicial and prosecutor offices’ representation in court. The authors opinion that the procedural rule subject to the analysis takes into account the representation of courts and prosecutors offices in the event that they participate on their own behalf in the substantive law report. -
Under art. 164 to 177 of the Civil Code the legislator regulates “the protection of the judicial prohibited” and “the placing under judicial interdiction procedure” under art. 935 to 940 of the Code of Civil Procedure; these texts essentially take over the old regulation provisions and also establish some updates, including that of determining jurisdiction in the matter in favor of the court guardianship, court which also takes over the guardianship authority duties. This study aims to explore and explain the legal rules above.
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The study of the contract of audiovisual adaptation has been imposed for multiple reasons. Firstly, as no contract of transfer agreement of the author’s patrimonial rights, which includes also the contract of audiovisual adaptation, does not have its own regulation in the Civil Code (Law no. 287/2009). Consequently, the current article deals also with the problem of the incidence of the norms of common law on the analyzed contract. Secondly, the research was also determined by the fact that in the Law no. 8/1996 regarding the author’s rights and the associated rights this type of contract was allocated a laconic regulation, i.e. only in a single article of law. Thirdly, the discussion of this topic was necessary as the norms dedicated to the contract of audiovisual adaptation included in the special Law are not clearly, fluently and comprehensively enough formulated, presenting quite a few faults lacunae and even imprecision, which the author highlighted, sometimes under the form of de lege ferenda proposals.
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The new Civil Code achieves in art. 1730-1740 a general-rule regulation of both legal and conventional preemption right, regulation applicable wherever the law or the contract do not stipulate otherwise. The conventional preemption right is recognized and regulated under the name of preemption right established by contract; it is nothing but a preference pact in the matter of the sales Contract. Considering that, regardless of the legal or conventional nature of the preemption right, is not normal to have two different systems that penalize violations in the beneficiary’s purchasing priority, the mechanism operating in case of preemption was governed unitary, the freedom of contract left to preemption’s promisor and this freedom overcome consequences being outlined. Whilst trying to settle the doctrinal controversy on the legal characteristics of the right of preemption, the new Civil Code provided for in Art. 1731 that the sale of the property on which there is a legal or conventional preemption right can be concluded with a third party only provided that there is a condition precedent of the preemptor non-exercising the right of preemption, but without specifying explicitly whether such a condition should be considered implicit where it has not been stipulated in the sales contract with the third party. Removing the jurisprudential shortcomings of the substitution mechanism related to the beneficiary instead of the third party purchaser, who is incompatible with the dissolution contract signed between the latter and the promisor, Art. 1732 and 1723 of the new Civil Code, without expressly referring to the sale under condition precedent, stipulate that, through the exercise of preemption, the sales contract is deemed concluded between the preemptor and the seller in the conditions contained in the contract with the third party, and this latter contracts shall be canceled retroactively. In terms of obligations, the creditor is entitled to proper execution and should the creditor have such right, he/she should be granted the opportunity to find effective means to protect it. Reading of Art. 1731 of the new Civil Code, in the sense of making the condition precedent of the preemptor’s non-exercise of the right of preemption in the any sale between the promisor and the third party to be implied, corresponds to the doctrine and jurisprudence attempts to find appropriate means to ensure the observance of the preemptor’s ignored rights, while considering the above principle.
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In this article, the author examines the provisions of the new Criminal Code relating to the definition of railway accident, achieving a comparative examination of the current provisions. This paper is a continuation of other research in this area conducted by the author, activities which have resulted in the publication of a monograph and several articles in professional journals. Research results consist of a comparative examination of current and new provisions within the above-mentioned scope, and critical remarks. Research may be useful to theorists and practitioners in the field, especially the legislator, where the latter considers necessary to amend and supplement the definition of railway accidents. The major contribution of the article lies in author’s critical remarks, the de lege ferenda proposals concerning the definition of railway accidents, and in the need to provide another aggravated variant of offenses against railway traffic safety.
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Currently, the law governing the criminal clause institution are laid down in Articles 1538 to 1543 of the new Civil Code. What holds the special interest of the legal literature, and, in particular, that of practitioners, is the court’s possibility to reduce the criminal clause where the principal obligation has been executed by the debtor (creditor’s advantage) and where the penalty is clearly excessive in relation to the damage that could have been set out by the parties upon the contract conclusion. This study presents the legal, doctrinal and jurisprudential evolution of criminal clause reducibility.
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In this study, the author makes an analysis on art. 45 to 46 of the Romanian Labor Code (Law no. 53/2003, republished on 18 May 2011) on the legal institution of posting. In this respect, the paper examines a number of controversies of the legal literature in this matter, after which the author, motivated, exposes his own opinion.
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Legislative changes occurring in recent years in terms of the legal nature of the public procurement contracts were subject to doctrinal debate and generated disputed solutions in the judicial practice. We refer to the definition of public procurement contract as a Commercial Agreement, under Law no. 278/2010 which has amended and supplemented the Government Emergency Ordinance no. 34/2006 regarding the award of public procurement contracts, public works concession contracts and services concession contracts, approved with amendments and supplements by Law No. 337/2006, as subsequently amended and completed. This legislative approach has shown legislator’s inconsistency in the matter, considering that by organic law - the Law of the contentious administrative No. 554/2004 – public procurement contracts are expressly defined as administrative contracts. At the end of July 2012, the National Authority for Regulating and Monitoring Public Procurement has published a draft emergency ordinance designed to bring new amendments and supplements to the Government Emergency Ordinance No. 34/2006. These proposals were successively amended by the issuer, the final form been approved through the Government Emergency Ordinance No. 77/2012. From the point of view of this study, the legislative changes contained in the Government Emergency Ordinance No. 77/2012 regarding the legal nature of the public procurement contracts and, consequently, the courts competent to hear disputes under these contracts are remarkable.
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What seems relevant to this study highlight is the current trend of Europeanization guarantees the right to a fair trial in civil matters established by art. 6, paragraph 1 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and relativization constitutional provisions to guarantee this right, from the perspective of European Court of Human Rights. With this approach, the study proposed open a complex and complete vision, but not exhaustive approach guarantees within the current right to a fair trial in civil matters. Following an outline Key – are analyzed successively three major parts of the study, namely, 1. Identification of universal standards and regulations contained in the European human rights and, of Romanian constitutional and legal regulations on the right to a fair trial in civil matters. 2. Doctrinal guidelines on the requirements of the right to a fair trial in civil matters. 3. Jurisprudential guidelines on the requirements of the right to a fair trial in civil matters.
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In this study, the author, whilst analyzing the legal nature of Child Protection Commissions (which are organized and operate pursuant to Law No. 272/2004 on the protection and promotion of children’s rights and the Government Decision no. 1437/2004 on the organization methodology and functioning of the Child Protection Commission), concludes that the decisions taken by such committees are not special administrative jurisdiction acts, but simply unilateral administrative acts that are adopted by a specialized body within the county council or the local council of Bucharest sectors, as appropriate. As regards attacking / challenging these decisions in court, usually, the settlement power falls on the common law courts, and not on the administrative ones.
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In this study, the author presents first the main reasons that led to the development of the 2009 Criminal Code and the objectives pursued by its wording. Subsequently, the author presents the main novelties brought by the regulations contained in the General Part and the Special Part of the new Criminal Code. Presentation of the characteristic features and innovations introduced by the 2009 Criminal Code compared to the Criminal Code of 1969 is achieved whilst revealing both the merits and some shortcomings of the new criminal law. These explanations are accompanied by numerous examples, own ideas and suggestions to improve the texts analyzed. In a final section, the author presents, in a reasoned manner, his own conclusions drawn in relation to the study of the new Criminal Code.
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In this article, the author examines the crime of treason by giving aid to the enemy both in terms of the current Criminal Code and in light of the new Criminal Code, pointing out, where appropriate, the main similarities and differences between the two regulations.
