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In this paper there are presented a number of aspects on a subject of great present interest: tax fraud. The theoretical approach of this contemporary scourge has been carried out starting from the identification of the factors which favour it and of the forms of operation, ending in the review of the measures for combating it and of the types of applicable sanctions. -
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The existence of the law, of its validity are extremely important both for its knowledge, and for its application and compliance. By applying a general principle of law that nemo censetur ignorare legem, we consider that the publication and knowledge of law are essential conditions for not be subject to unpredictable legislative events, with all the consequences arising therefrom. To avoid such events, the law, in its broad or narrow sense, is subjected to certain rules of validity. Among them lies the determining of the moment when the law enters into force and the one the law comes in force. -
The hierarchy of legal values and fundamental rights can be achieved with the help of applicable law, interpretation of principles of law and using relevant case law at national level (especially in this case, from Romania), as well as at European level, through the judgments given by the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) respects all fundamental rights and freedoms and principles recognized in the Charter as enshrined in the Treaties, in particular respect for private and family life, residence and communications, protection of personal data, freedom of thought, conscience and religion, freedom of expression and information, freedom to conduct business, the right to an effective remedy and a fair trial, as well as cultural, religious and linguistic diversity. A long list of rights appreciated even by the European legislator in the preamble to the Regulation that could interfere with the right to data protection. The critical analysis is based on the recent jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union and of the European Court of Human Rights, as well as of the Romanian courts, each of them being involved in the decision-making process regarding the prevalence of fundamental values regarding freedom of expression and protection of data. -
The study analyzes Article 961 of the current Civil Code on the removal of the effects of unworthiness, introduced as a novelty, to the previous regulation. There are analyzed the conditions in which it may be operated a removal of the effects of successoral unworthiness by the express forgiveness. Then, it is analyzed whether or not it may operate the removal of the effects of successoral unworthiness by the tacit forgiveness of the unworthy, with arguments in a negative sense. Within the study it is examined the future of the legacy left by the testator by a testament drawn up after the act of successoral unworthiness has ben committed, whether it has the meaning of forgiveness of the unworthy and of removal of the effects of unworthiness or whether, without having these meanings, it is actually recognized the right of the legatee to collect the legacy left by the testator by a testament drawn up after the act of successoral unworthiness has ben committed.
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This study begins with on overview of the regulations covering unjust enrichment in French law and the Romanian civil law under the former Civil Code, retaining the fact that its existence as an autonomous source of obligations was, however, recognized and established the Praetorian way. The central part of the study deals with the analysis of the legal regime of unjust enrichment, arising from the express provisions and general rules accounting for relevant general rules under the new Civil Code (Articles 1345-1348); thus, there are set out and debated the conditions of existence of this source of obligations and the admissibility of the action de in rem verso. The author’s approach continues with addressing the unjust enrichment effects and the specific rules applicable to restitutions on this basis. Eventually, it is argued that this autonomous source of obligations is theoretically and philosophically based upon the idea or the principle of fairness. -
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Adopted in the 1922–1926 legislature, the Constitution of 1923 was indispensable for the project of legislative unification of Romania. Its norms impose unique fundamental principles and rules for the entire national legal system: the principle of national sovereignty; the principle of legality and supremacy of the Constitution; the interests of the social community may take precedence over individual interests in the matter of property right. The regulation of some unique institutions for the entire Romanian State ensures the unitary exercise of constitutional competences, and the regulated rights for all Romanians ensure a unique foundation of freedom and equality. Other provisions have a strong unifying role and each provide a point of constitutional support for future legislation. The supremacy of the constitutional norms in the system of legal norms, supported by the case law of the unique supreme court, but also the beneficial psychological effect determined by the constitutional unification complete the picture of the impact of the constitutional norms from 1923. -
The offence of international illicit trafficking in risk drugs is provided in Article 3 (1) of the Law No 143/2000 on preventing and combating illicit drug trafficking and consumption, and, following the amendment brought by the Law No 187/2012 for the implementation of the new Criminal Code, is currently punished by imprisonment from 3 to 10 years and the interdiction to exercise some rights. Prior to the amendment, the punishment was imprisonment from 10 to 20 years and the interdiction to exercise certain rights. -
The perception and consideration of global warming and of its consequences as an „existential crisis” and the official proclamation – at the level of more and more states, of EU and within UNO – of the climate emergency confer the character of major priority of the entire humanity to the concerns aimed at mitigating the phenomenon, at limiting and adapting to its effects. The control of the anthropic impact on the climate system and the effort to maintain its stability have involved the intervention of law in various forms and different measures – public policies, constitutional provisions, pertinent legislative provisions and relevant international treaties –, with legal force of soft law or of firm normativity, within a world-wide governance, particularized regionally and nationally. An increasingly significant aspect of this process becomes the consideration of the impact of climate change on human rights and the relevant legal reaction of development of some appropriate meanings, with structuring trends in the form of a new dimension, specific to the right to a protected, healthy and ecologically balanced environment, the right to a stable climate and proper to the maintaining of the planetary ecological balance, to preserving the condition of the human species and favourable to the perpetuation of the civilization created by it. Initiated by the doctrine, the idea was acquired and knows the first resonances in the case law, with more and more firm and adequate echoes at regulatory level, finding ourselves at the moment of identifying and promoting the appropriate solutions and the adequate ways to achieve that goal. The new fundamental (human) right, individual and collective, of the present generations and especially of the future generations, protecting their possibility to adapt to the pace and amplitude of climate change, is foreshadowed as an indestructible component of the system of environmental rights, asserted in the last half century, quasi-universally recognized – constitutionally, legislatively and internationally – and who know their own dynamics.
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The Directive 2008/99/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on the protection of the environment through criminal law, whose transposition into the domestic law must be carried out by 26 December 2010, obliges the EU Member States to provide in their national legislation for effective, proportional and dissuasive criminal penalties in respect of serious infringement of provisions of Community law on the protection of the environment. For the Romanian law, its application involves a substantial reform of the notion and regulations regarding offences related to the protection of the environment, for the purpose of properly incriminating the series of actions seriously affecting the environment, in a coherent vision, which would reflect the particularities of the field and, in particular, would ensure effective and discouraging penalties, able to contribute to achieving the objective set.
