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  • In the last decades, administrative law underwent a phenomenon of didactic fragmentation which nobody can ignore today. Numerous monographies within the doctrine of public law, whose purpose – stated in their own titles – is to treat, from multiple perspectives and in a more or less profound manner, (very) narrow subjects of administrative law, have invaded the book market. It happened not only in Romania, but also in France, a country which reasonably claims to be the homeland of administrative law as a branch of law, and therefore as a teaching subject, in its current European continental approach. This literary explosion went hand in hand with an unprecedented proliferation of master studies specializations offered by higher education institutions, in the area of administrative law and/or public administration. Are these phenomena able to fragment the theoretical discourse of administrative law in such a way that this subject loses its unity and, hence, ideological identity? Most likely not. The model proposed by us – that of the five ideological foundations of administrative law – seems to have the ability to prevent the undesirable result hereabove mentioned. With these five ideological foundations – the public administration, the public authority, the public service, the public interest and the public power – almost all the defining and descriptive equations of the major institutions of administrative law (such as the civil service, the public domain, the public enterprise, the unilateral administrative act, the administrative contract, the administrative litigation and public authorities’ financial liability for damage caused by their illegal acts) are likely to be solved. And if this is possible, then the idea of ideological unity/identity of the administrative law is safeguarded, despite the didactic fragmentation previously envisaged.
  • The objective of this short study is to answer a question: is there today a „contraventional law”, as a result of the fragmentation of the administrative law? Assuming the answer is affirmative, we must establish whether the contraventional law itself faces today a process of fragmentation, i.e. if we can talk, for example, about a road contraventional law, a contraventional law of competition, a fiscal contraventional law, etc.
  • The field of contractual freedom has raised a permanent interest and continues to cause numerous discussions in the doctrine, and the practice of the courts emphasizes the importance of applying this principle to the specific civil legal relations. The undeniable importance of the contract as source of law involves inclusively the investigation of the manner in which the good faith and the abuse of right influence not only the formation, but also the performance or cessation of the contractual legal relations.
  • According to Article 46 of the Romanian Constitution, „The right to inheritance is guaranteed”. Thus, we find that the constitutional text is of a maximum concision. The correct and complete understanding of the text requires, indeed, some developments firstly related to the branch of the civil law, mainly in matters of successions but also to the real rights, being concerned, especially, the institution of the property right. Thus, in the following article, there will be presented briefly the following aspects, which we consider to be of interest for the right to inheritance: the notion of inheritance and the specific terminology, the types of inheritance, the conditions of the right to inheritance, the successoral option, the right of the foreign citizens and of the stateless persons to acquire, by inheritance, the private property right on lands in Romania.
  • The new legislative context was a strong argument, mainly, for reconfiguring the recourse, which is not a new legal remedy for our system of law, the cassation recourse being actually built on the structure of the recourse of the previous Criminal Procedure Code, with no fundamental differences in this regard. Article 433 of the Criminal Procedure Code expressly provides the purpose of the cassation recourse, which seeks to subject to the High Court of Cassation and Justice the examination, under the terms of the law, of the conformity of the challenged judgment with the applicable rules of law. However, the cassation recourse aims at ensuring a uniform practice at the level of the entire country. There are expressly provided the judgments which can be challenged by means of the cassation recourse, as well as those that are not subject to this extraordinary legal remedy. In relation to the specificity of this extraordinary legal remedy, the code imposes strict conditions on the contents of the application for cassation recourse, the holders and the time limit for bringing this action, aspects presented within the paper, being followed up all the legislative amendments that have occurred so far.
  • This study aims to identify the constituent moment, a moment when the manifestation of the original constituent power intervenes. While in case of the derived constituent power formal and material limits are pre-established, and the revision of the Constitution is an activity with a consistent procedural component, in case of the original constituent power an analysis of comparative law can identify ex ante which are the main moments when we can speak about the manifestation of the constituent power. These moments are closely related to different internal and international social events which took place in the historical evolution of a state, and these can be grouped into: constituent moments mainly determined by a revolution, by the change in the political regime or by the formation of a state. Thus, the main questions to which we seek to answer are: Which is the onset signal that will lead to the beginning of the constituent procedure? Is the new Constitution legitimate? Is the new Constitution the work of an original constituent power or of a derived constituent power?
  • The developments which the Romanian, European and international society has experienced, especially in the last decade, coincide with the 10th anniversary of our country’s accession to the European Union, requiring new approaches of the multiple dimensions which the integration process involves. The integration into the European Union, which has generated a series of changes at constitutional level, is also one of the objectives of Romania at international level. Likewise, the process of accession to the European Union has conferred to the Romanian citizens, inclusively, the right to participate in the European Parliament elections, both as candidates and as voters, according to Article 38 of the Romanian Constitution, republished. In this study, the author intends to discuss the problems of Romania’s accession to the European Union from the perspective of the constitutional provisions.
  • Separately from the assumption that the public authority has issued with a delay the answer to the application of the person concerned, in the administrative practice there is a situation which, due to its frequency, is likely to become a real phenomenon of the silence of the administration. It concerns the inaction of the administration that, separately from the classic situation represented by the passivity to answer to the applications of individuals, lies in its omission to act in the exercise of its legal competence or of the competence imposed by the administration itself, in this latter situation discussed a genuine „ex officio” inaction/silence, which in other countries not only is recognized, but it even benefits from a separate regulatory framework. Or, this assumption of the administration’s omission to act in order to carry out its legal competences or those established „ex officio” does not benefit in the Romanian law by a normative framework that would allow it to be challenged in the administrative disputes court, which determined us to also make a de lege ferenda proposal appeared from the undertaken analysis.
  • This study, entitled „Harmonisation between tribunals. Some points of reference”, is dedicated to some considerations on the collaboration between the national tribunals, on the one hand, and the tribunals established at the level of the European Union – the Tribunal of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights –, on the other. The author starts from the finding that the European citizens can protect their rights both through the courts in their own country and through the previously mentioned European courts.
  • Recunoașterea calității de cetățean român, acordată Românilor de origine supuși unui Stat străin, confirmând o calitate preexistentă, are efect retroactiv în deosebire de naturalizare, care nu conferă străinilor această calitate decât din momentul împământenirei lor.
  • I. Pentru a se garanta mai bine interesele părței civile. 1. Tăerea controversei în privința acordărei daunelor-interese, în caz de achitare, în sensul că achitatul, ca și absolvitul, pot fi în orice materie penală condamnați la daune-interese. 2. Dreptul pentru partea civilă de a pune în mișcare acțiunea publică și a o exercita dânsa singură, când ministerul public ezită sau refuză de a se pune în mișcare, și dreptul de a se face apel sau recurs fie în materie de instrucțiune prealabilă, fie la instanțele de judecată, chiar în caz de achitarea inculpatului. 3. Privilegiul pentru partea civilă de a se despăgubi fiscului din garanția dată de arestat spre a i se da libertatea provizorie, ca și din orice altă avere a acestuia. 4. Tăerea controversei cunoscută sub formula una via electa, lăsându-se la facultatea părței civile de a părăsi chiar calea civilă, și a se alătura la acțiunea publică, în caz când crede mai folositoare această cale și vice-versa.
  • The law has, undoubtedly, the properties of a fluid. Firstly, the property to shape into the forms they come into contact: the social realities are the ones that should configure it, as François Gény once said, so that their slower or more sudden changing would automatically determine mostly imperceptible, and in some cases, convulsive changes of the legal phenomenon as well. Law is a far too important phenomenon to not be subjected to studying day by day. However, a careful analysis of law has always imposed its division, primarily for teaching, theoretical purposes, but not without having in view the practical consequences as well. Traditional or innovative, classic or revolutionary, this „slicing” into divisions, branches and legal institutions, has undergone, in its turn, plenty of changes over time, being in a state of perpetual remodeling (and remodulation). In the following lines we propose some ideas, with no greater claim than that of presenting a personal opinion, about this phenomenon of division, firstly, and of fusion, secondly, a phenomenon that repeats itself cyclically, as, ultimately, the law also contains in itself a significant dose of history.
  • The idea and, especially, the usefulness of this study have been suggested to us by some amendments brought to the Law No 273/2004 on the procedure of adoption by the Law No 57/2016, including with regard to the issue of the jurisdiction of the Romanian courts in matters of adoption, by the provisions of Articles 1066–1082 of the Civil Procedure Code, referring to „the international jurisdiction of the Romanian courts”, as well as by the existence in this area of some norms still involving an effort of logical-legal polishing. Specifically, we have subjected to analysis the hypotheses of international jurisdiction of the Romanian courts, the material and territorial jurisdiction of the tribunal, respectively of the Bucharest Tribunal, with regard to the applications in matters of adoption.
  • The cessation by right of the individual labour contract is one of the fundamental institutions of the labour relations law. Its objective is to expressly regulate those legal hypotheses in which the labour relations, lawfully concluded, cease under the power of law, for objective reasons beyond the control of the signatory parties. Due to the relatively large number of cases where the continuation of the labour relations becomes practically impossible, as well as to the legal issues of a high complexity that may become incidental in this context, the examined institution of law shows a special configuration in all the factors that cause the cessation of the effects of the individual labour contract in the future.
  • This paper aims to provide an analysis of the assignment of claim established by a nominative title, promissory note or bearer bond from the perspective of the regulation offered by the current Civil Code, with reference to the special laws that establish the legal status of these titles, including the conditions of their transmission. Thus, the analysis of the general provisions contained in the Civil Code had in view the opinions expressed in the specialised doctrine, both the one prior to the entry into force of the current Civil Code and the latest doctrine, as well as the provisions included in the special laws applicable in the matter.
  • We mentally associate the first half of the nineteenth century with the affirmation of some ideas and projects of political and administrative reform of the two Romanian principalities connected to the most advanced spirit in Europe of those times. The national common sense watchword was, at that time, the modernization of the principalities in the spirit of the reforms stimulated and encouraged by the French Revolution in the late eighteenth century. Still under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire, Moldavia and Walachia were trying to receive European political and legal institutions and to place them into Romanian governance mechanisms, also preparing thereby the formation of a new legal thinking and practice, of a new government mentality, in the spirit of the Western Europe. From this perspective, the author analyzes the origins and the constitutional functions of the Legislative Council, using, for this, some prestigious doctrinal studies published in specialized magazines in the inter-war period of the twentieth century. Likewise, the author analyzes the role of the Legislative Council configured in Article 79 of the Constitution adopted in 1991 and its organic law.
  • The imperative to not let the governors and the governed persons commit any abuses has generated a specific manner of regulation of the organization of public assemblies, especially when they take place in public. The result of this regulation which, although it does not expressly provide the condition of authorising the organization and the conduct of these public assemblies, contains it nevertheless by default, has implications on the problem of the administrative authorizations. This result is the specific manner of establishing a required authorization that is not included within the scope of express authorizations or in the one related to the tacit approval procedure, placed, as well as the latter, in the sphere of legal fictions. Whereas given the state of law and a genuine democracy it can not be explained the reaction of the authorities when they face the situation of spontaneous public assemblies, their regulation at legal level is required as well.
  • The administrative-jurisdictional procedure established by the Law No 159/2016 and detailed by the Decision No 1171/2016 has utility in a specific area, that of electronic communications. By regulating the procedure for settlement of disputes between the suppliers of public networks of electronic communications and the network operators, on the one hand, and, respectively, of the disputes between the suppliers of public networks of electronic communications and the persons holding by whatever title a physical infrastructure installed inside a building, on the other hand, the Decision No 1171/2016 stands out by provisions of novelty, such as ensuring the contradictoriality and orality of the procedure by distance communication means or by ensuring the public consultation of the preliminary solution given by the Commission within the procedure of settlement of dispute. Similarly, there can also be found procedures regulated in the common law as well, but also derogations in matters of material and territorial jurisdiction of the competent court to censor the legality of the administrative-jurisdictional act issued to settle the case.
  • Websites are part of our everyday lives, giving us access to information in all areas, old or new, short or complex, original or processed, but few people who are accessing websites know that the latter also have a „memory”: they are able to remember exactly who has accessed them, from what location they have been accessed and which were the preferences of the author. This memorization manifests itself by cookies – small size files that are stored on a user’s computer at the time when the latter uses the Internet network. They are created when the browser on the user’s computer loads a particular website. The user’s computer system accumulates a multitude of personal data as cookies, whose tasks are to identify the user’s person for an easier interaction with a website, this leading of a state of insecurity, invasion, violation of his own world – ultimately of the private life.
  • In the regulation of the new Criminal Procedure Code the recourse in cassation is an extraordinary legal remedy exercised only in cases expressly provided by law and only on grounds of unlawfulness. The recourse in cassation is the extraordinary remedy through which the interested parties or the prosecutor may request the High Court, in the conditions and for the reasons expressly and limitatively provided by law, to reform the final judgements in certain cases provided by law. Practically, the recourse in cassation is designed as an extraordinary legal remedy or otherwise, as a last level of jurisdiction within which the parties can defend their rights, by removing the effects of the final judgments pronounced under the conditions of the five cases of unlawfulness provided by Article 438 of the Criminal Procedure Code and does not involve the examination of all aspects of the case, but only the review of the legality of the contested judgment, respectively its consistency with the provisions of the applicable substantive and procedural law. We intend to present the five cases of recourse in cassation by an extensive examination of the doctrine and practice of the High Court of Cassation and Justice.
  • The archaeological sites – material forms of our past – are a finite and non-renewable resource of knowledge of our history, in a constant state of vulnerability to external factors that can lead to their irretrievable loss. Among these factors, the most destructive one that can be distinguished is the phenomenon of archaeological poaching as a source of supply to the national and international art markets. The illegal trafficking of cultural goods, often also involving activities of laundering of money or even of terrorism, is a widespread phenomenon worldwide. In order to fight it, the real protection offered to archaeological sites and museums, as well as ensuring the effectiveness of the instruments of international cooperation are the most effective means for defending the national cultural heritage.
  • In the same way as the institutional decision-making system of the European Union (the European Commission, the Council, the European Parliament) participating in the unional legislative mechanism (the procedures of adoption of the derived legislation of the European Union) has undergone, in an evolutive sense, permanent changes of reformatory nature, in favour of some elements specific to bicameralism (the Council – the European Parliament; the European Parliament – the Council), within the institutions that make up the jurisdictional system of the European Union we are also witnessing the same permanence of the concerns for institutional reform placed in the structural-organizational plan, but also in the one of the competences ratione materiae, ratione personae. All these occurred and still occur in close relation to the process of enlargement of the European Union, as well as to the multiplication of the areas which fall under the exclusive competences of the European Union and of those shared between the European Union and the Member States, correlated with the principles of subsidiarity, proportionality, conferral and loyal cooperation.
  • Scurte observații de ordin istoric. 1. Sahara Occidentală. Teritoriul Saharei Occidentale, aflat în nord-vestul Africii și situat între Maroc, Algeria, Mauritania și Oceanul Atlantic, este disputat cu statut incert în dreptul internațional. O parte însemnată din acest teritoriu este controlată de Maroc, fără ca Marocul să exercite toate atributele suveranității sale asupra acestui teritoriu, în timp ce o parte mai mică se află sub controlul Frontului Polisario (sprijinit de Algeria), mișcare de eliberare a Saharei Occidentale a cărei legitimitate a fost recunoscută de ONU. Acest teritoriu este de mulți ani în atenția ONU care a propus organizarea unui referendum în vederea autodeterminării sale sub controlul Națiunilor Unite. Referendumul nu a mai avut loc1
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