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The author examines the concept of administrative-jurisdictional action in the context of the doctrinal opinions issued prior to the enactment of Law no. 554/2004 (amended by Law no. 262/2007), as well as subsequent to the enactment of the above-mentioned law, amended by the law mentioned. Further on, the author examines in detail two characteristics of the administrative-jurisdictional action, namely: the principle of immovability and the res judicata force, reaching the conclusion that such actions have the res judicata force, but only provided that the legal stages of appeal are not filed with the court of law, within the deadlines and under the conditions provided by the law, or that such stages of appeal, being filed, were dismissed and, consequently, the decision of the administrative jurisdictional body was maintained. -
Entities with administrative-jurisdictional activity, such as the National Council for Solving Complaints, have duties strictly delimited by the regulations establishing them and organizing their operation. According to the Law no. 554/ 2004 on administrative litigation, the special administrative jurisdiction represents the activity carried out by an administrative authority that has, according to the applicable special incorporating law, jurisdiction to solve a conflict regarding an administrative action, according to a procedure based upon the principles of adversary proceeding, ensuring the right of defense and the independence of the administrative-jurisdictional activity. In carrying out this complex activity, is sometimes possible that the notifications received by the jurisdictional authority exceed its scope of jurisdiction, a situation in which it has the obligation to establish whether there is a competent court of law or another competent entity with jurisdictional activity, to which it could forward the notification erroneously referred by the complainant. The fulfillment of this legal obligation supports and guarantees to the complainant effective access to the institution having jurisdiction to solve his/her claim, in agreement with the principles of any fair trial. Numerous times, after finding justified the exception of its lack of jurisdiction in trying certain cases, the Council ordered their declining towards the competent courts of law, subsequently referring such cases to the courts. Although most courts towards which the declining was ordered accepted the files received, according to the case law of certain Courts of Appeal, the legal institution of declining is not available to the administrative-jurisdictional entities, which should have dismissed the claims received, and not decline them. This study presents with criticism the latter solutions issued by the courts of law in the legal matter of declining, as well as the author’s arguments in supporting its resolution in agreement with the legal rules.
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The criminal procedure rules according to which the „transfer of procedures in criminal matters” is carried out are comprised in the international treaties and conventions to which Romania is a party, which are supplemented by Law no. 302/2004 on international judicial co-operation in criminal matters, plus the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code. „The transfer of procedures in criminal matters” entails two manners of performance, according to the capacity in which the Romanian State is involved in its carrying out, namely: - delivery of criminal procedure; - reception of criminal procedure.
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The challenge on enforcement does not refer to the merits of the judgment of conviction, but it is directed against its enforcement and, for this reason, its completion consists in eliminating the illegal matters occurring in the enforcement or during the enforcement of the judgment. The probation service attached to the tribunal has no competence to file a challenge on enforcement with the court of law for reasons of illegality occurred during the surveillance of the person convicted and, in particular, for matters related to the personal interests of the convict. If, during the surveillance, problems or interests of the convict occur that prevent the convict from appearing on the dates scheduled, the probation service has the competence to examine the reasons invoked and revise the initially scheduled surveillance plan.
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In essence, the article emphasizes the inconsistent practice of the courts, as regards the consequences of changing the legal classification of the criminal offence – the subject matter of the judgment – by indictment, an action of initiating proceedings before the court, on the means of appeal in the criminal trial. The legal matter under discussion takes into consideration the impact of the provisions of art. 361, paragraph 1, letter a) of the Criminal Procedure Code and of art. 3851 paragraph 1, letter d1 of the Criminal Procedure Code, according to which the judgments regarding criminal offences for which the initiation of criminal procedure is carried out following the preliminary complaint of the injured person cannot be challenged with an appeal, but only with a second appeal . Thus, in relation to the new legal classification of the criminal offence – the subject matter of the judgment – the means of appeal that can be used in such criminal cases must be established. In our opinion, in case of changing the legal classification, the legal classification given to the criminal offence – the subject matter of the judgment – by the court whose decision is subject to judicial review is decisive in establishing the means of appeal.
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Chile stands out in Latin-America because its economic growth has resulted in a progressive decrease in poverty and marginality levels. Chile’s unique strides in economic growth have made room for increasingly dignified lives for its people. Along with this improvement in the standard of living, there has been a more thorough exercise of human rights. The normative groundwork for this successful economic model is located in the Constitución Política de la República de 1980, the 1980 Constitution, which contains an economic public order based on two elements – 1) the exercise of personal liberty and 2) the subsidiary role of the State.
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În versiunea originalã a Convenţiei (europene) pentru apãrarea drepturilor omului şi a libertãţilor fundamentale (în continuare denumitã Convenţia), moartea nu putea fi cauzatã unei persoane în mod intenţionat, decât în executarea unei sentinţe capitale pronunţate de un tribunal pentru o infracţiune sancţionatã prin lege cu o asemenea pedeapsã. Astfel, pedeapsa cu moartea nu era interzisã, cu condiţia respectãrii principiului legalitãţii, aceasta şi datoritã faptului cã în acel timp (data semnãrii, respectiv data intrãrii în vigoare a acestui document), în majoritatea statelor membre ale Consiliului Europei pedeapsa cu moartea era stipulatã în legislaţiile penale interne2.
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În condiþiile în care nu existã, în prezent, dispoziþii general aplicabile în legislaþia privind circulaþia juridicã a terenurilor, care sã reglementeze dreptul de preemþiune ca o condiþie de nulitate a actului de înstrãinare încheiat cu încãlcarea acestui drept, legiuitorul a lãsat în atributul legilor speciale sã reglementeze dreptul de preemþiune, în funcþie de natura juridicã a bunului. În cazul arendei, la data încheierii contractului de arendã, ca ºi în prezent, dreptul de preemþiune nu este reglementat de lege ca un impediment legal în transmiterea cãtre o altã persoanã a dreptului de proprietate, ci ca un drept contractual al arendaºului.
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Prezentul Raport sintetizeazã activitatea Consiliului Uniunii Naţionale a Barourilor din România (în continuare U.N.B.R.) pânã la data întocmirii sale – 01 iunie 2010. Raportul nu poate şi nu are pretenţia de a evoca toate problemele rezolvate în mod curent de Consiliul U.N.B.R. şi organele profesiei subordonate acestuia (Comisia Permanentã a U.N.B.R. şi Preşedintele U.N.B.R.). Congresul avocaţilor este chemat sã decidã dacã în perioada analizatã Consiliul U.N.B.R şi-a îndeplinit obligaţiile şi şi-a exercitat drepturile prevãzute de Legea nr. 51/ 1995 pentru organizarea şi exercitarea profesiei de avocat (în continuare, Legea) şi Statutul profesiei de avocat, în conformitate cu hotãrârile Congresului precedent.
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HOTÃRÂREA NR. 1 privind aprobarea RAPORTULUI DE ACTIVITATE AL CONSILIULUI U.N.B.R. (între Congresul avocaţilor 2009 şi Congresul avocaţilor 2010) Congresul Avocaţilor întrunit la 17 iunie 2010 în localitatea Mamaia, jud. Constanţa, constituit în conformitate cu dispoziţiilor art. 59 alin. (1) din Legea nr. 51/1995 pentru organizarea şi exercitarea profesiei de avocat, vãzând dispoziţiile art. 61 alin. (1) lit. a) din Legea nr. 51/1995 pentru organizarea şi exercitarea profesiei de avocat, dupã analiza şi dezbaterea Raportului de activitate al Consiliului U.N.B.R. (între Congresul avocaţilor 2009 şi Congresul avocaţilor 2010) astfel cum acesta a fost supus dezbaterii Corpului profesional al avocaţilor, începând cu data de 07 iunie 2010, afişat pe website-ul (www.unbr.ro), comunicat prin poşta electronicã la toate barourile şi, prin grija acestora, comunicat membrilor Congresului în forma prevãzutã de art. 14 alin. (5) din Regulamentul de organizare şi funcţionare a U.N.B.R. şi de desfãşurare a şedinţelor Consiliului U.N.B.R.,
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According to the title of this study, the author carries out a thorough analysis of the legal institution of acquisitive prescription in the new Romanian Civil Code (Law no. 287/2009), a Code adopted by the Parliament (but not yet in force) in relation to the same legal institution, as it is legally configured in the Civil Code still in force (since 1865).
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The criminal offences against the safety of railway traffic are provided for in the new Criminal Code under Title VII “Criminal Offences against Public Safety”, Chapter I. Taking into account the critical observations expressed in our doctrine, starting with the year 2006, the lawmaker has amended and supplemented both two criminal offences as regards their names, and the content of the others. Regarding the content of criminal offences, we mention that the amendments made refer both to the capacity of active subject and to that of passive subject, which this time may belong to the employees of both State-owned and private-owned operators. Nevertheless, when identifying the most important social values and, subsequently, protecting them by means of criminal law rules, the lawmaker did not take into consideration the current legislation, both domestic and of the European Union regarding the safety of railway traffic and transports. Thus, the most important European and domestic regulations in this field, which had to be taken into consideration in the activity of legal individualization of criminal law penalties, are the Directive 2004/49/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 (the Railway Safety Directive) and Law no. 55/2006 on railway safety. The critical observations and the proposals made by the author refer precisely to the need to adapt the Romanian railway safety legislation to the European Union legislation.
