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The author is dealing with the issues related to the postponement and interruption of the execution of penalty by imprisonment and by life detention according to the new Criminal Procedure Code. The study contains a comparative analysis of the new provisions and of the provisions in force both from the point of view of the doctrine, and of the jurisprudence in the field. -
Law No. 221/2009 regarding political convictions and their related administrative measures issued in the period comprised between March 6, 1945 – December 22, 1989 established, inter alia, that the victims of such convictions shall be entitled, within an interval of 3 years from the enforcement of this law (June 14, 2009) to request the Romanian State to pay moral damages (without any ceiling in terms of value) for the suffering caused by such convictions. The law was subsequently amended, in the sense that a ceiling was established for the value of such damages. In its first two decisions (No. 1358/2010 and No. 1360/2010), the Constitutional Court stated that both the original and the amended text of the law are unconstitutional, without denying, however, in principle, the fairness and lawfulness of granting such moral damages in the given situation. Until the present time, the Romanian State did not proceed to enact Law No. 221/2009, in consideration of the mentioned decisions issued by the Constitutional Court, although it was bound by the Constitution to proceed as such. Taking this situation into account, the author sets forth the idea that, at present, although we are apparently in the presence of a legislative void, the injured parties may claim, however, such damages in court, even at this time, on the strength of certain principles from the Constitution of Romania, from the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
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The development of the legal framework for public procurement in the European Union represents a very important issue which presents numerous challenges. The starting point of the evolution of legal aspects in public procurement was the year of 1962, when the institutions of the European Community at that time underlined the importance of the regulation of this aspect for making the common market operational. In this respect, they militated for eliminating commercial restrictions inside the Community among the member states by making operational the freedom to establish and the free movement of services. Originally, public procurement represented a non-tariff barrier in the development of the common market, thus opening the way toward the harmonization of this field by the European Commission among its member states, including Romania. The previously mentioned legislative process was divided by the doctrine of the public procurement law in 4 stages which describe the evolution of public contracts for goods, works and services.
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Sintagma „poate fi primit în profesie” folositã în art. 16 alin. (2) din Legea nr. 51/1995 privind organizarea și exercitarea profesiei de avocat conferã consiliilor barourilor – ca organe de conducere ale organizației profesionale – o competențã specialã, un drept de apreciere în legãturã cu primirea în profesie, cu scutire de examen, în cazul persoanelor enumerate limitativ de lege.
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The following codes coexist at this moment in Romania: the Civil Procedure Code (issued in 1865, republished in 1948, subsequently supplemented and amended on numerous occasions), the Family Code (issued in 1954) and the Civil Code (issued in 1865), both of them were amended and supplemented by the new Civil Code and by the new Civil Procedure Code (published in 2009, respectively in 2010), but have not come into force yet. Under the circumstances, Law No. 202/2010 regarding certain measures to accelerate disputes resolution was enacted in October 2010; this law takes over a series of provisions from the new (civil and civil procedure) Codes. In this context, the author, by means of the above study, makes a thorough analysis of the impact of Law No. 202/2010 (mentioned hereinabove) on the notary procedures (regulated under Law No. 35/1995 regarding notaries public and notary activity, subsequently amended and supplemented in a successive manner) both at present, and from the perspective of the new (civil and civil procedure) Codes.
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On the strength of Art. 322, item 4 of the current Romanian Civil Procedure Code, the review of a decision that remained final in the appeal court or through the fact that no appeal was submitted against it, as well as the review of a decision issued by a recourse court (when the merits of a case is invoked) may be requested, inter alia, also if “a judge, witness or expert who took part in the lawsuit received a final conviction for any crime regarding a case or if a decision was issued on the strength of a writ that was declared false during or after the lawsuit or if a magistrate received a disciplinary penalty for exercising his office in bad faith or with gross negligence in that case”. The author is discussing in this study the manner in which a civil court must proceed if, at present (for the reasons provided by the criminal law), the perpetration of the abovementioned crimes can no longer be ascertained under a criminal decision.
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Fidejussion represents a form of personal guarantee, an accessory contract, particularized, in essence, by its purpose, commitment procedure and legal effects. When it comes to determining the identity and legal regime of fidejussion, there must be taken as a point of reference the triangular relation within which its three protagonists act: fidejussor, creditor and main debtor. The present work will be analyzing the conclusion and the effects of the fidejussion from the perspective of the Romanian Civil Code and the New Romanian Civil Code, with the purpose of establishing the elements of continuity and novelty brought by the new regulations.
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In this study, the authors are analyzing the protection of the confidentiality of the attorney-client relationship in the European competition law, on the one hand, from the perspective of the (European) Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, and, on the other hand, from the perspective of the Court of Justice of the European Union and of the union regulations in the field. The authors are also referring to the Romanian legislation in the field, as well as to the latest trends in the doctrine and jurisprudence regarding the tackled issue.
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Relatively recently brought under regulation by our law system, the models of utility are inventions with a lower level of complexity that are legally protected by means of the protection certificate released following a specific procedure. Encompassed in the study presented herein are precisely those judicial aspects of the formalities that need to be fulfilled when aiming at the release of the model of utility certificate of protection. Altogether, the author sets forth an original point of view regarding the approach and the systematisation of the internal and international formalities to be taken into account when dealing with the procedure of releasing the protection title for the models of utility, and also critically inspects the legal editing process, and the corelation between some legal provisions belonging to this field of interest and intereferring law-related notions, while laying down relevant de lege ferenda proposals in fulfilling the purpose of correction and defining with more clarity the legal provisions specific to this law branch.
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In Romania, the Civil Procedure Code in force shall be repealed and replaced by the new Civil Procedure Code, which was published on July 15, 2010, but has not come into force yet (the time when it comes into force has not been legally established yet). Until such time, Law No. 202/2010 regarding certain measures to accelerate disputes resolution (The “Small Reform” Law) was enacted and came into force in October 2010. In this study, the author makes a comparative examination of the following issues: the exception of the lack of competence, competence conflicts and the transposition to the current Civil Procedure Code, by taking into consideration Law No. 202/2010 and, respectively, the new Civil Procedure Code. The author reaches the conclusion that, sometimes, in law, the regulations of the current Code are better than the regulations of Law No. 202/2010 or of the new Civil Procedure Code; also, there are contradictions between the new laws (Law No. 202/2010 and the new Civil Procedure Code). Given these facts, certain de lege ferenda proposals are laid down.
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On 10 December 2009, the Parliament of Romania passed the Law no. 381/ 2009 regarding the introduction of the preventive concordat and the ad-hoc mandate. This paper examines the main features of these preventive instruments, designed to be used by the debtor in order to avoid the opening of the insolvency procedure, while restructuring its undertaking and its debts, as to provide satisfaction to the creditors. The author analyzes the categories of debtors that are eligible for such procedures, the role played by the judicial bodies, the proxy and the conciliator and the mechanism of implementation and the effects of the preventive concordat and the ad-hoc mandate. The final part is critically addressing the chances of these preventive instruments to satisfy the interests of both the debtor and the creditors. -
Criminal law, as a set of mandatory rules of conduct, compliance with which is imposed by the coercive power of the state, applies to all the people on the territory of a given country and for a certain limited period of time. Therefore, the putting into effect of criminal law means the fulfillment or non-fulfillment of the duties it provides for, in relation to two essential elements: “territory” and “time”. The application of criminal law on the territory means the actual fulfillment of instructions carrying sanctions in relation to the territory in which a crime was committed, in the country or abroad. The Romanian criminal law is aimed at and applies to the people in the territory of Romania and who must comply with its provisions. The new criminal code has brought numerous and substantial changes to the principles behind the application of the Romanian criminal law in the territory and which we will examine hereinafter.
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The group of economic interest is created as a partnership between two or more physical or juridical persons and its aim is to facilitate or to develop the economic activity of its members or to improve the results of their activity, on a determinated period. The group of economic interest was first created in French Law and it was created as an intermediar structure between a trading company and an association. The organisation and the function of a group of economic interest is increased on his members’ will. The idea of creating a group of economic interest was determined/born out of the necessity to provide a judicial instrument what attenuates the formalism of a trading company, but also removes the disadvantages of an associatioan regarded to the lock of juridical personality. The trading companies implied in such a group maintain their administrative and functional authonomy and their own identity as a juridical person. The European Group of Economic Interest is a legal person which aims, exclusively, the cross-border economic cooperation between European Union member states. The European Group of Economic Interest is, generally, a legal person (except for some member states like Italy, Austria or Germany). The acknowledgement of this statute helps realizing the group’objectives (the development of the member’s activities). In all states, a group has the capacity, in his own name, to have the any kind of rights and obligations. A group can conclude a contract or any other legal act, can take part in lawsuite, accordingly to European Law. The areas that are not mentioned by the stipulations of the european Council’s Regulation are regulated by the competition and intellectual property national law. The European Group of Economic Interest, at least theoretically, proves to be a flexible legal instrument, first of all, because it adapts to the different needs of its members. First of all a European Group of Economic Interest offers for its members the possibility to unite their forces and resources in order to obtain better economic results together. Its advantage stands in the flexibile organisation and function and in the fact that it does not necessary require a registered capital.
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In this study, the author examines the possibility of including in Romania, in the private law contracts (civil or commercial), some hardship clauses, (the hard ship clause in the Anglo-Saxon law and in the foreign trade law), even if there is no explicit regulation in this respect in current Romanian positive law (there is an explicit regulation only in the new Romanian civil code – art. 1271 – , but this Code has not become effective yet and, at present, nobody knows when it will become effective). Further on, after defining the notion of “hardship clause”, the author, also taking into consideration the Romanian legal doctrine in the matter, examines the field of application, as well as the conditions of the hardship clause.
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In this study, the author, opposing the opinions expressed in a recently published study, reaches the conclusion that, after the Police Officer Status enters into force (Law no. 360/2002), the recovery of expenses from police officers (trained by the Police Academy) failing to comply, for reasons imputable to them, with the obligations included in the commitments undertaken according to art. 9 of the Government Decision no. 137/1991 or art. 17 of the Government Decision no. 294/2007, shall be made according to art. 84–85 of the Civil Servants Status (Law no. 188/1999, as republished) and never according to common law (the civil code/law), by way of an action filed to the common law court.
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In this study, the authors examine 12 texts in which the new Romanian Civil Code (published on 24 July 2009, but not yet effective) explicitly provides for using the procedure of presidential ordinance in 12 clearly stated situations.
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Obligația celui care a edificat o construcție pe terenul altuia de a o ridica la solicitarea proprietarului terenului are caracter civil, în condițiile în care pãrțile nu au dovedit cã respectiva obligație ar avea în vedere un fapt obiectiv de comerț cuprins în obiectul de activitate al vreuneia dintre ele pentru a fi incidente dispozițiile art. 3 sau cele ale art. 56 C.com. și nici cã prin voința lor obligația de a face în discuție ar fi dobândit o naturã comercialã, așa cum prevede art. 4 C.com. (Înalta Curte de Casație și Justiție, Secția comercialã, decizia nr. 1448 din 14 mai 2009).
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Examining the issue of the parents’ right to agree to their child’s journey in the country (in Romania) or abroad, after reviewing the legal regulations in this matter, the author reaches the conclusion that art. 18, paragraph 2 of Law no. 272/2004 (“Any journey made by children in the country and abroad shall be made subject to notification and consent of both parents; any disagreements between the parents in relation to expressing such consent shall be solved by the court of law”) provides for situations in which the parents exercise their parental rights together, while art. 30, paragraph 1, letter c of Law no. 248/2005 refers to the situation in which parental protection is divided pursuant to a court order (following divorce etc.). At the end, the author proves that the provisions of the new Romanian Civil Code (adopted y the Parliament and published in the Official Journal of Romania, but not yet effective) do not influence the above-mentioned legal regulations.
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The European arrest warrant is an extremely relevant subject these days, being one of the concerns of the European lawmaker, the EU Member States and the national authorities (Ministry of Justice, courts of law, prosecutor’s offices, police structures) involved in this field. In this article, the author presents the main particularities of the European arrest warrant enforcement in the EU Member States, emphasizing both its positive aspects and the difficulties met by the Member States in transposing the provisions of the Framework Decision no.2002/584/JHA of 13 June 2002 on the European arrest warrant and the surrender procedures between Member States.
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The article intends to assess the quite difficult but, especially, dramatic issue of the criminal liability of minors and of preventing and fighting juvenile delinquency, starting from the incontestable reality of the phenomenon of offences among young people. It examines the conditions for the criminal liability of minors by means of a comparative analysis of the current regulation and the regulation proposed by the new Criminal Code, emphasizing the evolution recorded in their punishment, from the perspective of the entirely special situation of minors, caused by their psycho-physical characteristics. In this study, a special emphasis is laid on the consequences of the lawmaker’s eliminating the enforcement of penalties to minors on their real reeducation and social reinsertion.
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The Directive 2008/99/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on the protection of the environment through criminal law, whose transposition into the domestic law must be carried out by 26 December 2010, obliges the EU Member States to provide in their national legislation for effective, proportional and dissuasive criminal penalties in respect of serious infringement of provisions of Community law on the protection of the environment. For the Romanian law, its application involves a substantial reform of the notion and regulations regarding offences related to the protection of the environment, for the purpose of properly incriminating the series of actions seriously affecting the environment, in a coherent vision, which would reflect the particularities of the field and, in particular, would ensure effective and discouraging penalties, able to contribute to achieving the objective set.
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The above study examines the issue of the articles of association and the nullity of the legal entity in the new Romanian Civil Code (adopted by the Parliament, published in the “Official Journal of Romania”, but not yet effective). In dealing with the above-mentioned issue, the author examines the nullity of a company’s articles of association (in Law no. 31/1990 on companies and in the new Civil Code), the effects of a company’s nullity, the legal entity’s nullity – in the current law and in the new Civil Code –, the effects of the legal entity’s nullity, as well as the European source of the legal entity regulation in the new Civil Code (Directive 2009/101/EC, a directive abrogating and replacing the Directive 68/151/EEC).
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The new Criminal Code, which brings numerous innovations to the scope of accusation under the Romanian criminal law, stipulates, in the text of art. 239, the sanctioning of a debtor’s action of alienating, hiding, deteriorating or destroying, in whole or in part, values or goods in its assets or of invoking false acts or debts for the purpose of defrauding creditors or the action of a person who, knowing that it will not be able to pay, purchases goods or services thus causing damage to the creditor.
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This study examines – critically – the Romanian legal regulations regarding the termination of the term of office for a “local elected official”, which refers to: local advisors, county advisors, presidents and vice-presidents of county councils, the general mayor of the city of Bucharest, deputy mayors and the village delegate, who is also assimilated to local elected officials. Difficulties arise from the fact that the termination – upon expiry or prior to expiry – of the term of office for “local elected officials” in Romania is regulated, at present, directly or indirectly, by four laws, namely: Law no. 393/2004 on the status of local elected officials; Law no. 215/2001 (republished on 20 February 2007) on the local public administration; Law no. 161/2003 on ensuring transparency in carrying out public dignities, public functions and in the business environment, the prevention and sanctioning of corruption and in Law no. 144/ 2007 on the setting up, organizing and functioning of the National Integrity Agency. In order to avoid any difficulties generated by such a legislative system, the unification of regulations in this field is proposed (as well as some amendments to the laws) exclusively in the content of Law no. 393/2009 on the status of local elected officials.
