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This study aims to analyze certain particular problems in the execution of the legal employment relationships, namely the work performed without the conclusion of an individual employment agreement and the noncompliance between the contractual clauses and the manner (in fact) of the execution of the contractual rights and obligations. These cases were grouped under the denomination of work wholly or partially dissimulated. After identifying the situations leading to the dissimulated work, the analysis of the causes that determine it and of the effects that it generates, any proposals are formulated for the purpose of increasing the penalties against those who hide the real way of the execution of the work. -
The amendment of the procedural rules concerning the access to justice of the European nationals, by the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon (1 December 2009), has required a rapid and effective reaction of the Court of Justice of the European Union; from this perspective, the new configuration of the criteria of admissibility of the actions brought by the so-called unprivileged applicants – natural or legal persons of private law – needed a reassessment of the aspects of material law (regarding the European acts that can be challenged) and, at the same time, of processual law, especially regarding the temporal application of the procedural rules. Despite the relatively short time interval, the Court in Luxembourg captured, in its recent case law, the much more flexible character of the rules of admissibility of the action for annulment, as provided in Article 263 paragraph 4 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. -
Starting from the idea that the purpose of legislation, of law in general is to defend the human being by preventing, discovering and combating any dangers that could affect or influence it, as well as from current realities that have changed and continue to change the normal functioning of the social system, we carried out this study in the hope that the opinions and solutions expressed could be taken into account by the legislator in the event of amending the Criminal Code as regards the crimes related to sexual life. Therefore, the analysis, opinions and proposals formulated took into account the normative framework in Romania in the matter of crimes regarding the protection of freedom and sexual integrity of the person, by reference to the criminal legislation in force, making reference also to certain aspects existing in the previous one, as well as by reference to the provisions of the international conventions to which our country is a party. In this paper we also consider the fact that the current national criminal law, although subject to amendments, remains incomplete and must be amended and supplemented so as to comply with the minimum mandatory provisions of Directive 2011/92/EU to ensure the protection of minors against any form of sexual abuse. -
In this study, the author comments on a 2010 decision of the High Court of Cassation (the Commercial Section) dismissing – in a final way – an action for declaring absent a sale-purchase agreement for real-estate – a future good – considering that there is a condition precedent, and not a contingent right, as the author claims. -
Guilt is that psychic attitude of the active subject, who – voluntarily committing an act provided by the criminal law, anti-juridical and imputable – is aware of the objective circumstances in which he externalizes his conduct or, although he does not have this conscience, should and could have it. Guilt is separate from the foresight of the criminal law and covers the subjective elements of the content of the crime. The structure of guilt includes two psychic processes, which are called factors thereof. The first is conscience or the intellective factor, and the second is the will or the volitional factor. The conscience deliberates on the deed and decides whether it will be committed. The will mobilizes the energy necessary for the implementation of the decision taken. The forms and modalities of guilt are defined by relating the conscience and the will to the objective circumstances. Intellectively, what relates to objective circumstances is the presence or absence of conscience. Volitionally, what relates to objective circumstances is the content of the will. Conscience can be present and objective circumstances can be represented correctly, when there is intent, direct or indirect. Conscience may be present, but objective circumstances may be misrepresented when there is premeditated guilt. Conscience may be absent when – in the presence of the obligation and of the possibility of predicting objective circumstances – there is guilt without foresight. Direct intent, indirect intent, and premeditated guilt are defined by the foresight of the objective circumstances. The direct intent is defined by pursuing the result, the indirect intent is defined by accepting the result, and the guilt with foresight is defined by rejecting the result. Guilt without foresight is defined by the failure to foresee the objective circumstances and by the obligation and the possibility to foresee them. The classification of the intent in direct and indirect is made according to the way of reporting the will to the result of the crime. The intent is direct, if the active subject pursues the result of the crime. According to the way in which the active subject prefigures the result of the crime, the direct intent has two degrees of intensity. Each degree in its turn has two stages. The active subject prefigures the result of the crime as an end in itself (the first stage of the first degree), as a necessary means to achieve another goal (the second stage of the first degree) or as an inevitable consequence (the first stage of the second degree) or very probable (the second stage of the second degree) of the manner in which the commission of the crime is conceived. The intent is indirect, if the active subject accepts the result of the crime. In case of indirect intent, two results are discussed. Indifference to the second result (which is illegal, provided by criminal law) is the essence of indirect intent. The classification of the intent into simple and qualified is made according to the existence of a special purpose or motive, expressly provided in the incrimination norm. The intent is simple, if the active subject commits the crime without pursuing a certain purpose and without being pushed by a certain motive, expressly provided in the incrimination norm. The intent is qualified, if the active subject commits the crime pursuing a certain purpose or being pushed by a certain motive, expressly provided in the incrimination norm. The qualified intent is direct when the characteristics of qualified intent and those of direct intent intertwine. The qualified intent can also be indirect, when the characteristics of the qualified intent dissociate from the characteristics of the direct intent. The qualified intent is direct, if: a certain circumstance is foreseen in the content of the crime both as a result and as a purpose or as a motive; a certain circumstance is provided in the content of the crime as a result and is prefigured by the active subject as a necessary means to achieve the special purpose or to satisfy the special motive or as an inevitable or very probable consequence of achieving the special purpose or satisfying the special motive. The qualified intent may also be indirect, if a certain circumstance is provided in the content of the crime as a result and another circumstance, different from the first, is provided as a special purpose or as a special motive and the result is not prefigured by the active subject neither for the achieving of the special purpose or for the satisfaction of the special motive, nor as an inevitable or very probable consequence of the achievement of the special purpose or of the satisfaction of the special motive. The classification of the intent into premeditated and spontaneous is made according to the mental state that the active subject has at the moment of making the decision to commit the crime, as well as the length of time between the time of making this decision and the time of its execution. The intent is premeditated, if the active subject decides to commit the crime in a state of calm and if from the moment of making the decision to commit the crime until the moment of its execution a longer time interval passes. There are two theories regarding premeditation: one objective and the other one subjective. In the objective theory it is considered that premeditation requires preparatory acts, that it is compatible with the provocation and that it is a personal circumstance, which is objectified in the content of the crime and produces the effects of a real circumstance. In the subjective theory, to which I adhere, premeditation does not require preparatory acts, is incompatible with the provocation and is a personal circumstance, which does not affect the participants. The intent is spontaneous, if the active subject decides to commit the crime in a state of over-excitement and if from the moment of making the decision to commit the crime until the moment of its execution, passes a time interval as short as possible. The intent is pure and simple, if it does not meet either the conditions of the premeditated intent, or the conditions of the spontaneous intent. The classifications of the intent highlight certain levels of danger of the active subject, which are investigated on the occasion of the individualization of the punishment. The different stages of danger of the active subject, detached from the different degrees and stages of intensity of the direct intent, impose different solutions with reference to the judicial individualization of the punishment. The danger stage of the active subject related to the indirect intent is lower than the one related to the direct intent. Qualified intent imprints a degree of danger, as a rule, greater or, exceptionally, lower of the active subject. The special purpose or motive enters into the content of the crime as a constitutive element or as an aggravating circumstantial element, as a rule, or as an attenuating circumstantial element, by exception. The premeditated intent is capitalized as an aggravating circumstantial element (in the content of the qualified murder), a general legal aggravating circumstance (pre-ordered intoxication) or an aggravating criterion of judicial individualization of the punishment. Spontaneous intent is capitalized as a legal, general (provocative) or special (killing or injuring the newborn by the mother) mitigating circumstance. Pure and simple intent is neutral from the point of view of judicial individualization. -
Fundamentally, all intentional crimes may be under continuous form, the forest offence being one of them. In practice, we come across various ways of committing forest offences, through a single action or multiple actions, which may meet, separately or conjunctively, elements of the crime of illegal cutting or theft of trees, but usually, when the criminal offence is committed in a longer period of time, twice or several times, without considering whether each single action meets the constitutive elements of the crime for which the defendant is prosecuted, Art. 41 para. 2 of the Criminal Code shall apply automatically. Authors’ analysis refers to the offence’s content unit, namely that the execution deeds of the same kind must submit each the content of the same offence. In legal practice it was decided that there is no requirement that the execution deeds should be identical, but each to cover the contents of the same offense, even if some of them correspond to the variant type and the other to the qualified one and, therefore, in the test case reviewed by the authors it was enough to evidence the existence of two or more trees cutting and stealing acts carried out at different intervals, each causing a damage which exceeds the threshold value for which the act stands for a crime and it was not required that for each of them, the damage caused and the value of timber, respectively, exceed at least 50 times the average price of a cubic meter of standing timber, on the offence’s finding date. Therefore, in order to determine the continuous nature of the act, it is required to administer evidence that should establish the volume of timber (for the offense of theft), and the amount of damage (for the cutting offence), for each action – execution deed, respectively its petty offence or criminal nature. -
At international level growing concerns appeared about the involvement of offenders in transactions with cryptoassets, the market being an unregulated one and providing a dose of anonymity to transactions. In this context, the specialised bodies have initiated a series of recommendations to help the states, but also cryptoasset service providers, to adopt the necessary measures in order to prevent and combat money laundering and terrorist financing. The cryptoasset market is less known to the general public, but for the persons involved in illegal activities, concerned with concealing the source of incomes, it is an opportunity to benefit by those profits, without revealing their source. The cryptoasset market involves rapid changes, new typologies and, implicitly, new risks, being necessary that all these processes be dealt with both by the government bodies and by the service providers. The international approach to cryptoassets differs, as there are states that have forbidden transactions with such assets, states that have adopted regulations, in compliance with the recommendations of international bodies, and also states that have not adopted measures in this field. The study intends to analyze how these recommendations have been taken over and implemented at national level and what are the challenges which the government bodies and the players in the cryptoasset market must face. -
The offence of abuse of social goods is one of the most frequent offences regarding companies. The incrimination of this action has the purpose of protecting the company against their managers’ temptation to consider it their own property and/or abuse of its goods or credit against the company’s interest. The offence that the authors examine can have as material object the goods, the credit and the authority. The offence may also refer to the company’s credibility, namely “the company’s commercial reputation, born out of the good operation of the company, its capital, its volume and the nature of its business”. Using the credit in a negative interest means exposing the company to a risk it should not be exposed to, even if the risk is not achieved. -
The objective of this study is to nuance practical problems that may arise in the application of the provisions of the Civil Code in matters of the right of preference to tenancy. In the absence of some exhaustive legal norms (Article 1828 of the Civil Code making reference to the provisions of the right of preemption that must be properly applied), we consider that it is inevitable that in the hypothesis of a litigation there are no divergent interpretations which have as source unclear rules that govern this matter. We have focused, primarily, on identifying the compatibility of the provisions of the preemption right with that of the right of preference, being essential the correct interpretation of the phrase „properly”. We later pointed out the holders of this right and the conditions that must be met in order for this to may be exercised. More specifically, we have leaned on the analysis of a condition whose limits are not clearly laid down by the law: what does it mean the obligativity for the tenant to perform the obligations on the basis of the previous rental and whether the notion of non-performance also includes the delay in performing the obligations. In addition, we have analyzed the nature and moment from which the exercise of the right begins to run, considering that particular issues are raised by the notification which the lessor is obliged to send to the lessee in view of exercising the right of preference, since the moment of communication thereof is also the one from which the term of exercise of the right begins to run. We have identified two judgments expressing two fundamentally different views referring to what the content of the notification must be, analyzing the arguments of both courts and exposing our own point of view. Last but not least, in terms of the differences between the contract of sale and the one of tenancy, our approach has continued by pointing out how to exercise the right of preference, respectively of the amount of rent that must be recorded and the moment when the recording must be made – which, from our point of view, differs from those in the matter of preemption. We have concluded with the moment when the new rental agreement was signed, along with the effects it produces. We hope that this study will prove useful to be to practitioners in particular, as we have tried to answer questions and provide explanations where the legislation and doctrine have not done it so far, although the questions have already arisen in practice, imperiously requiring an answer. -
The author argues that establishing a compulsory nature in what concerns the term provided for in the provisions of the second sentence of article 159, paragraph (8) of the Criminal Code of Procedure is required only for rejecting the proposal to extend the preventive arrest; in case of admission of the proposal to extend the preventive arrest, the recommendation nature of this term is sufficient to ensure the conduct of this trial stage, under the rigors of the right to liberty and security. -
Plea of breach of the contract which was unregulated in the previous Romanian Civil Code (of 1864) is expressly established in the new Romanian Civil Code (entered into force on 1 October 2011) in the two paragraphs of art. 1556 stating that, under the rule of the previous Civil Code, legal doctrine and jurisprudence have regained the role of developing the general theory concerning the plea referred to above. Given the above, the author of the study analyzes in detail: the definition, historical development and comparative law issues relating to the plea of breach of contract, the conditions for exercising this plea and its effects and, in the end, she also makes brief conclusions.
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This article reviews the regulatory framework on investigations into marine navigation in Romania, indicating the timeline of the criminalization patterns followed by the presentation of the common aspects of the structure and constitutive content of the investigations by analyzing in three specific chapters provided in the normative basis of the Law No 191/2003 on the legal regime that applies to maritime transports and studies of the distinctive elements of each investigation, and finally by drawing critical conclusions and implications related to lex ferenda.
