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Prin renunțarea la dreptul de a invoca accesiunea, proprietarul fondului abandonează prerogativa folosinței terenului în favoarea proprietarului construcției, pe toată durata de existență a acesteia, generând un mod atipic de naștere a dreptului de superficie, acceptat în sistemul Codului civil din 1864 și prevăzut expres în sistemul actualului Cod civil la art. 693 alin. (4) teza I. Așadar, în forma sa deplină, superficia ca dezmembrământ al dreptului de proprietate imobiliară are în conținutul său proprietatea asupra construcției și prerogativa folosinței terenului (ca atribut al proprietății, iar nu doar o simplă stare de fapt protejată juridic, atribut transmis pe durata de existență a construcției de către proprietarul fondului către constructor). Or, așa cum am arătat mai sus, prin contractele de închiriere pârâta a transmis folosința terenului ca și obiect al unei obligații personale pentru o anumită durată, și nu ca atribut al proprietății, pe toată durata existenței construcției. (Curtea de Apel Timișoara, Secția I civilă, Decizia nr. 114 din 30 iunie 2021, www.rolii.ro)
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The purpose of this article is to approach the common features of medicine and law – the principles which have to govern the medical behaviour and medical liability. Medical principles were often ignored by legal literature (which is so hard to find), but there are a few notes in medical ethics. Medical principles rule the manner in which the provider of medical services, devices, pharmaceuticals, the doctor and the National Health Insurance House are acting in regard to the patient. Meanwhile, ignoring this principles will lead to engaging the liability of doctors, providers of medical services, the devices and pharmaceuticals or, even worse, may result in the agreement’s invalidity. These principles constitute the foundation of a new era, under construction – medical law and they need to become the primary rule for those who are involved in both medicine and law. Our research revealed that medical law is at its beginnings. The purpose of this study is to offer an in-depth analysis and understanding of medical law, by studying its bases (medical principles).
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Potrivit art. 275 alin. (1) C.pen., sustragerea, distrugerea, reținerea, ascunderea ori alterarea de mijloace materiale de probă sau de înscrisuri, în scopul de a împiedica aflarea adevărului într-o procedură judiciară, se pedepsește cu închisoarea de la 6 luni la 5 ani. Conform art. 198 alin. (1) C.pr.pen., înscrisurile pot servi ca mijloace de probă, dacă, din conținutul lor, rezultă fapte sau împrejurări de natură să contribuie la aflarea adevărului. (cu notă aprobativă). Infracțiunea de sustragere sau distrugere de probe ori de înscrisuri, prevăzută în art. 275 alin. (1) C.pen., are ca situație premisă existența unei proceduri judiciare începute. În ceea ce privește calitatea de subiect activ, autorul faptei prevăzute de legea penală ce face obiectul procesului penal în care sunt folosite înscrisurile ori mijloacele materiale de probă poate fi subiect activ al infracțiunii de sustragere sau distrugere de probe ori de înscrisuri în modalitatea prevăzută în art. 275 alin. (1) C.pen. (Înalta Curte de Casație și Justiție, Completul pentru dezlegarea unor chestiuni de drept în materie penală, Decizia nr. 3 din 20 ianuarie 2021 publicată în Monitorul Oficial al României, Partea I, nr. 396 din 15 aprilie 2021) -
După o părere foarte răspândită, întreaga operă legislativă a anilor 1864–1866 ar fi fost o simplă traducere a unor legiuiri apusene, întocmită abia în câteva săptămâni.
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In this article, the author aims to analyze the theoretical foundations of two essential principles for the state of law and how to balance the relations between the three powers: the principle of constitutional loyalty and the principle of loyal institutional collaboration between the public authorities vested with the governing powers. The two principles are not formally provided in the text of the Constitution, but can be deduced by way of interpretation from other constitutional principles. As for the first principle, the author shows that it has its source in the obligation freely assumed by each member of a community of individuals organized according to the principles of social hierarchy, or imposed by the public authority with supreme force in the community, to respect a summum of legal norms, whose purpose consists in the regulation and harmonization of the social relations. The origin of the second principle is found in the principle of separation of the three powers in the state, which in the governing process are obliged to collaborate loyally with each other, within the institutional framework prescribed by the constitutional norm. In the end, the author concludes that the substance of the principle of constitutional loyalty includes not only the general obligation of citizens and of both public authorities and institutions to respect the will of the Constituent Legislator formally expressed in the text of the Constitution, but also the obligation of the STATE and of each public authority provided in the Constitution, to be loyal to the CITIZEN. Otherwise, the relations between the state and the citizen are compromised, or will take the form and content of totalitarian-type relations, in which the individual is deprived of rights and absorbed by the state as a dehumanized form of life. The author considers that the loyalty of the state towards the citizen is an obligation of constitutional rank and, on this basis, he proposes, de lege ferenda, its express inclusion in the text of the Constitution at a future revision thereof.
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In the system of the Civil Code of 1864, the emancipated minor acquired a limited capacity, and emancipation was a period of transition between the complete incapacity and the full freedom. The system of 1954 maintains „tacit emancipation”, but removes the term that reminded of the past, and gives only to the woman the possibility to marry before the age of 18. In addition, through „restricted” exercise capacity, the minors aged 14–18, regardless of gender, acquire an „intermediate” capacity. In search of a balance between tradition and modernity, the current system maintains „tacit emancipation”, preserves the „antechamber” of full capacity and restores „express emancipation”. There are regulated two hypotheses in which a natural person can acquire full capacity of exercise before reaching the age of 18: the conclusion of a valid marriage and the judicial recognition. In both cases, the minimum age required is 16 years and specific „justified reasons” must be proved.
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Starting from Code of Canon Law we discuss some religious and legal aspects of the Catholic „natural marriage” which cannot be disconnected by t he contemporary cultural and social changes. Here we take into account the power of love which makes people see and wish not only the traditional appearance of marriage, but its real sense. From this point of view, we explain other sides of the nowadays marriage like irregular unions (civil marriages and partnerships) and invalidity of the canonical marriage. We consider that there should be avoided judges that do not consider the complexity of different situations in which people live or suffer. The Church works in the spirit of fraternity and charity and that is why those people who live in some exceptions of the „natural marriage” should be integrated in different ways within the Christian communities.
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Trafficking in human beings is an offence against human dignity and fundamental freedoms and, therefore, a serious violation of human rights. The Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings (GRETA) emphasizes the state’s obligations to respect, fulfil and protect human rights. Such protection includes measures for the proper identification of all victims of trafficking in human beings. It also involves measures to strengthen the rights of trafficked persons, strengthen through appropriate protection, assistance and remedies, including recovery and rehabilitation, which are non-discriminatory regardless of their residence status. By virtue of this fact, in this article we pursue the following objectives: identification of the mechanism for protecting the victims of trafficking in human beings in terms of national and international regulations; knowledge of national and international legal provisions in the field of criminalization of trafficking in human beings; continuous adaptation of investigators to new challenges related to preventing and combating trafficking in human beings; exposing the general and special conditions of hearing the victims of the offences of trafficking in human beings. All these are able to improve the efficiency of the activity of hearing the victims of the offences of trafficking in human beings.
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By this study we aimed to proceed to a configuration of the notion of „criminal case”, used by the legislator in Article 29 (1) i) of the Government Emergency Ordinance No 80/2013 on the judicial stamp duties, taking into account in our approach in a correlated way, on the one hand, the case law of the Constitutional Court, of the High Court of Cassation and Justice and of the other courts of law, on the other hand, the doctrinal considerations on the mentioned article, and of the institutions with which the notion necessarily interacts. The approached topic has an inter-institutional nature, because it is necessary, for its correct approach, to resort to legal institutions dealt with by the criminal procedural law (the criminal action, the solutions pronounced in a criminal file, the subjects of the criminal proceedings, etc.), but, of course, the civil procedural law (the civil action, the establishment of judicial stamp duties, the cause of the application for summons, etc.). We consider that the present article presents first of all a practical interest, because, in the activity of the courts of law, the interpretation of Article 29 (1) i) of the Government Emergency Ordinance No 80/2013 is divergent and non-unitary, due to an acute lack of terminological unity, and this deficiency can be reflected in an impairment of the quality of the act of justice and, further, in a decrease of the citizen’s trust in justice. The article is structured in two essential parts, the first with a general character that includes the sections „Introductory Considerations”, „Arising the questioning” and „Interpretation Tools”, and the second with a special, applied character, that includes the sections „The situation in which the civil action is exercised separately before the civil court after the criminal file has been solved in the criminal investigation phase by a solution of dismissal or abandonment of the criminal prosecution”, „The situation in which the civil action is exercised separately before the civil court without having ordered a solution within the criminal file” and Conclusions”. It should be emphasized that, in order to formulate the answer to the approached subject, our thought was oriented, first of all, to those for whom the act of justice is done – the citizens –, proposing solutions that in our vision correspond to some requirements of fairness and equality before the law. Likewise the topic subject to discussion was not approached in an exhaustive way, being only the starting point in the debates on this topic that are taking place and, of course, that will further take place. We have tried to prove that there is a „criminal case”, within the meaning of the mentioned text, only when the basis of legal actions, be they civil or criminal, is a deed provided by the criminal law (essence condition) for which the initiation of the criminal action was ordered (condition of nature). Finally, we consider that the variant of the proposed interpretation will also have the effect of discouraging processual or abusive conduct, reflected in the purely formal notification of the criminal prosecution bodies only in order to benefit from an exemption from the payment of the judicial stamp duties before civil courts, which thus diverts the analyzed legal provision from the purpose considered by the legislator at the time of its enactment.
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Dreptul de trecere, reglementat de art. 616–619 din vechiul C.civ., trebuie înțeles sub trei ipostaze: aceea a dreptului de a cere recunoașterea servituții de trecere, ipostaza exercitării servituții legale de trecere și ipostaza dreptului de a cere modificarea servituții legale de trecere. Legat de dreptul de a cere recunoașterea servituții de trecere, acesta este considerat ca având un caracter potestativ, constituind o simplă facultate pentru proprietarul locului înfundat. Prin urmare, atunci când un imobil devine loc înfundat, proprietarul său poate reclama, prin manifestarea sa unilaterală de voință, să îi fie stabilită o servitute legală de trecere. Caracterul potestativ al dreptului rezultă cu claritate din formularea „poate reclama” din art. 616 din vechiul C.civ. (Curtea de Apel Craiova, Secția civilă, Decizia nr. 739 din 9 iulie 2019, www.rolii.ro)
