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In this study it is examined the legality of the control by the Court of Audit in the matter of public procurement provided that the legislator has conferred the jurisdiction of verifying the procedure for the award of these contracts to other specialized public authorities, and has conferred to the Court of Audit powers of general control on the manner of formation, management and use of the public financial resources. Taking advantage of these control powers with a wide range of coverage, the Court of Audit has extended, unlawfully, through its own regulations, this control over a specialized field, respectively that of the procedure for the award of public procurement contracts, overlapping the control exercised by other administrative authorities and affecting the stability of the legal relations arising from these contracts. That is why it is proposed the legislator’s intervention for the express regulation of the control powers of the Court of Audit in the matter of public procurement, the conditions and limits of this control, in order to avoid the parallelism and the conflict of jurisdiction between this public authority and the other specialized administrative authorities in the field. -
The issue of blank bill of exchange titles has always been a subject that has opened the path for debates and controversies, being always of present interest. The interest of clarifying this legal figure is not only a theoretical one, but also a practical one, the blank promissory note being a means of security frequently encountered within the credit contracts concluded by banks. The advantages conferred by the blank promissory note, consisting in the easy way of establishing the title, the flexibility of its content from the perspective of its possibility of filling in, the rapidity of its conversion into a title that can be subjected to enforcement, the restriction of the debtor’s possibilities to contest it and the celerity of the procedure for settlement of such disputes, reflect undeniable arguments for the use of such a legal instrument in the professionals’ practice. This study aims to emphasize certain aspects related to the issue of the blank promissory note, its guarantee and the defences of issuer and of the guarantor of the blank promissory note within the enforcement of the bill of exchange, also with reference to the case of entry into insolvency of the issuer.
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The author raises for discussion a series of legal issues related to the proper interpretation and application of two cases of cessation of the individual labour contract, regulated by the Labour Code, namely: – the cessation de jure of the individual labour contract pursuant to Article 56 (1) c) of the Code (cessation de jure on the date of the cumulative fulfilment of the standard age conditions and of the minimum contribution period for the compulsory pension); – the dismissal determined by the dissolution of the position held by the employee (Article 65 of the Labour Code).
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The Collective labour contract unique at national level for 2007–2010 was undoubtedly a point of reference in the matter of collective negotiation from Romania, because its contractual clauses established the qualitative accumulations gathered during the conclusion of the collective labour contracts unique at national level, starting with the first contracts concluded after the entry into force of Law No 13/1991 in 1991. Having in view that, under the influence of the Law No 62/2011 (of the social dialogue), the conclusion of the Collective labour contract unique at national level is not permitted, the useful clauses of the mentioned collective labour contract can no longer be applied. In this study it is proposed the emphasis of the essential clauses of the Collective labour contract unique at national level for 2007–2010 and the formulation of a de lege ferenda proposal for their inclusion in the labour legislation.
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In this article the author expresses his opinion according to which the provisions of Article 10 of Law No 187/2012 and of Article 39 (1) b) and c) of the Criminal Code are contrary to the Constitution of Romania, republished, as well as to the European standard in the matter, namely the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights.
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This study first analyzes the amendments brought to the offence provided in Article 141 of the Law No 8/1996 by the Law No 187/2012. The author emphasizes the non-correlations of the incrimination with the moral copyrights which it protects, as well as the lack of clear and precise wordings, which should exclude any ambiguity in the drafting of the incriminating rules. The analysis of the offence provided in the special law is connected to the provisions in the matter contained in the Criminal Code, as well as to the doctrinaire opinions expressed in the field. The critical remarks expressed by the author concerning the meaning of legal rules are intended to be impulses addressed to the legislator to correct the drafting of texts, in order to achieve the desideratum of compliance with the requirements of accessibility and foreseeability of the law for its addressees.
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This study deals with the problems related to the offence provided in Article 9 of the Law No 143/2000 on preventing and combating illicit drug trafficking and consumption. The interpretation of the legal text is made by comparison with the previous regulation, but also by the literal interpretation of the indicated rule. Moreover, the author studies the modality of application of the text of law to concrete situations which may arise in the judicial practice.
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In this study it is subjected for analysis the offence of driving a vehicle under the influence of alcohol or of other substances provided by the Criminal Code in Article 336. The reason for the author's choice of this topic is determined by the fact that a more increasing number of persons commit this type of offence, as well as because the offence has suffered most of the amendments since the entry into force of the new Criminal Code up to the present day, the most important amendment being the one operated by declaring the Article 336 of the Criminal Code unconstitutional.
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In this article there have been examined comparatively the provisions of the law in force and those of the previous law, by emphasizing the elements of similarity and of distinction between the two regulations. Likewise, the author has critically examined the provisions of Article 336 (1) of the Criminal Code, also making in this regard de lege ferenda proposals designed to determine the amendment of the current provisions. The de lege ferenda proposal aims to the legislator's abandonment of the provision according to which the moment of consummation of the offence is identified with moment of taking the biological samples, motivated by the fundamental difference existing between the two moments, especially with regard to the criminal liability. The paper can be useful to the legislator, in the light of the suggested amendments, to the practitioners, as well as to all those who show concerns in this field.
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La data de 20 octombrie 2014, Înalta Curte de Casație și Justiție (ÎCCJ) – Completul pentru dezlegarea unor chestiuni de drept a soluționat trei cauze cercetând „problema de drept ce formează obiectul acțiunii privind caracterul discriminatoriu al dispozițiilor cuprinse în Ordonanța de urgență a Guvernului nr. 9/2013 privind timbrul de mediu pentru autovehicule, aprobată cu modificări și completări prin Legea nr. 37/2014, cu modificările ulterioare, în raportare la dispozițiile comunitare cu care intră în conflict”1 și „dacă dispozițiile art. 4 din Ordonanța de urgență a Guvernului nr. 9/2013 privind timbrul de mediu pentru autovehicule, aprobată cu modificări și completări prin Legea nr. 37/2014, și ale art. 1 alin. (2) din Normele metodologice de aplicare a Ordonanței de urgență a Guvernului nr. 9/2013 privind timbrul de mediu pentru autovehicule, aprobate prin Hotărârea Guvernului nr. 88/2013, se interpretează în sensul că timbrul de mediu se datorează și în situația transcrierii dreptului de proprietate asupra unui autovehicul rulat provenit de pe piața internă a cărui primă înmatriculare a fost anterioară datei de 1 ianuarie 2007”2.
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Regulile de concurență prevăzute de Tratatul privind funcționarea Uniunii Europene2 au menirea de a proteja relațiile comerciale și piața internă. Întrebarea la care răspunde studiul de față este: cine este destinatarul normelor concurențiale la nivelul Uniunii Europene? Răspunsul, deși aparent este unul foarte scurt și se referă la întreprindere (și asociațiile de întreprinderi), totuși ascunde o doctrină bogată și o jurisprudență generoasă a Curții de Justiție a Uniunii Europene. În cele ce urmează, vom analiza noțiunea de întreprindere, care are o anumită sferă de aplicare în dreptul concurențial al Uniunii Europene, cu scopul de a determina care sunt jucătorii principali vizați de normele care protejează concurența pe piața internă.
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Competența teritorială de soluționare a acțiunii având ca obiect constatarea valabilității unei convenții încheiate cu privire la un imobil și pronunțarea unei hotărâri care să țină loc de act autentic [fiind vorba deci despre o acțiune personală imobiliară, prin care reclamantul tinde la valorificarea unui drept personal, respectiv dreptul de creanță corelativ obligației de a face, urmare antecontractului încheiat cu privire la acel imobil] nu se stabilește potrivit art. 117 C.pr.civ., aplicabil exclusiv acțiunilor reale imobiliare, ci potrivit dispozițiilor de drept comun ale art. 107 C.pr.civ., conform cărora cererea se face la instanța domiciliului pârâtului. Însă, întrucât aceste norme sunt de competență relativă, nesocotirea lor poate fi invocată pe calea excepției de necompetență numai de către pârât și numai până la prima zi de înfățișare, în caz contrar instanța sesizată rămânând competentă să judece litigiul, ca urmare a decăderii pârâtului din dreptul de a invoca o excepție relativă, excepție pe care instanța nu are dreptul să o invoce din oficiu. (Înalta Curte de Casație și Justiție, Secția I civilă, Decizia nr. 842 de la 13 martie 2014)
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In this study, the author examines the problems of regulating the violations of private life by Article 74 of the current Romanian Civil Code (the Law No 287/2009, republished), in light of the relevant case-law of the European Court of Human Rights and of the Romanian courts, coming to the conclusion that the mentioned legal text judiciously summarizes the indicated case-law. -
It is of interest both from theoretical perspective and mostly from practical perspective to raise for discussion and, furthermore, to propose some solutions for some controversial issues related to succession law, as well as to settle a conflict of laws in time. Therefore, in this paper there are emphasized some of the facets which the temporal conflict of laws can take, in the matter of inheritances, and there are expressed some points of view, which could be of interest to the practitioners, determining them to reflect on this topic.
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The article analyzes the cassation recourse, which is an extraordinary judicial remedy in the criminal trial, a reformative and devolutive judicial remedy, in principle a non-suspensive of enforcement and extensive judicial remedy. The purpose of the cassation recourse is to ensure a uniform practice at the level of the entire country. In order to achieve this purpose, the legislator has expressly provided the reasons for which a cassation recourse may be promoted, the jurisdiction for settlement, the subjects for which the possibility to exercise the judicial remedy is recognized and the solutions which the court can pronounce. The usefulness of the cassation recourse is fully emphasized, given the fact that the recourse would no longer exist within the Romanian criminal procedure system subsequently to the entry into force of the new Criminal Procedure Code.
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In this study, the authors present a commentary of Article 145 of the Constitution, referring to the independence and the irremovability of the judges of the Constitutional Court. It is presented, in detail, the normative will of the Constituent Assembly on the status of the constitutional judges, the content of their independence and the irremovability which was conferred to them by the constitutional text. The judges of the Constitutional Court have at their disposal a legal framework, of constitutional rank, which guarantees their independence and irremovability and which, at the same time, imposes restrictions of professional nature. Within the same study, the authors also present the problems of the disciplinary and criminal liability of the constitutional judges, as well as the legal regime of immunity which they enjoy, according to the Law No 47/1992 on the organization and functioning of the Constitutional Court.
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The proposed study aims, in particular, at questionable normative aspects concerning „the action for nullity of the registration of the trademark” in the regulation of the Law No 84/1998 on trademarks and geographical indications. In fact, contrary to the reference that some texts of this law make to „the nullity of the registration of the trademark” or to „the cancellation of the trademark”, the nullity has as object the „administrative legal act of the State Office for Inventions and Trademarks of registration of the trademark”. Likewise, it argues on the uselessness of some rules devoted to this action at law.
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The author, having in view a recent controversy in the Romanian doctrine of labour law, resumes the analysis and reaches the following conclusion: • According to the Romanian Labour Code, the legal institution (of labour law) of the temporary labour contract (Article 88 of the Labour Code) is separate from the legal institution of posting (Article 45 et seq. of the same Code); • Conversely, the employee who, according to Article 88 of the Labour Code, has concluded with his employer a temporary labour contract, in order to be hired out to a user undertaking from another Member State of the European Union, has the status of posted employee, within the meaning of Directive 96/71.
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Within this study the authors intended to analyze the situations in which it can be promoted the action for damages by separate means under Article 19 (1) of the Law No 554/2004 on the administrative disputes and the moment of running of the one-year time limit within which this action can be promoted, having in view that the law does not establish precisely this moment, and the case-law offers various solutions adjusted to each case solved. Starting from these premises, the authors have proceeded, on the basis of the legal provisions in the matter and of the apparently non-unitary case-law solutions, to the systematization of the working hypotheses and to the elaboration of some objective criteria, legally substantiated, in order to determine the moment of running of this procedural time limit.
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The institution of administrative disputes in the matter of the ordinances or of the provisions of ordinances established as unconstitutional, as well as of the constitutional and legal regime thereof is less analyzed in the specialized literature and debated in the judicial practice from Romania. In this context, this study intends to make an analysis of the most controversial aspects related to the applicability of the institution of administrative disputes in this matter, as well as of some aspects referring to the particularities of exercising the action for administrative disputes against the ordinances or against the provisions of ordinances established as unconstitutional by the Ombudsman. -
The author, after making a brief history on the taxation of the registration of motor vehicles in Romania, after our country joined the European Union (1 January 2007), expresses her opinion that even the last regulation in this matter (the Government Emergency Ordinance No 9/2013 on the environmental stamp for motor vehicles), being contrary to the provisions of Article 110 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, can not be legally applied in Romania, thus violating the principle of supremacy of the European law over the national law (in this case, the Romanian law).
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In the Romanian judicial practice more numerous cases arise with regard to the annulment of the acts of finding the irregularities committed in the field of obtaining/using the European funds and of establishing the budgetary claims or of applying the financial corrections. This casuistry raises a series of questions relating to the hypotheses in which, in this matter, the European legislation is directly applied and, respectively, when the Romanian legislation is applied and which one specifically (as the case may be, the Government Ordinance No 79/2003 or the Government Emergency Ordinance No 66/2011). In this study the author answers the above-mentioned questions.
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The succession of the criminal codes has created numerous transitory situations requiring a functional system of principles to be solved. In this context, the courts have provided different solutions to some aspects related to the application of the criminal law in time, thus generating a non-unitary practice. The main cause of these contradictions was represented by the modality of determination of the most favourable criminal law. Just when it seemed that the High Court of Cassation and Justice had clarified the misunderstandings, the Constitutional Court has pronounced the Decision No 265/2014 which completely changes the situation, offering an interpretation that does not find many followers among jurists.
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This study undertakes the analysis both of the amendments brought to the offences provided in Article 140 of the Law No 8/1996 by the Law No 187/2012 and of the common and specific aspects which characterize, in the author’s opinion, these offences. The author examines the amendments to the offences evoked by their connection to the legal provisions in this matter, contained in the general part of the Criminal Code. At the same time, the paper emphasizes the common aspects regarding the scope, the subjects and the constitutive content of the offences presented, as well as the specific aspects relative to the special legal object and to the material element of these offences. The study presents the doctrinal points of view, as well as the author’s remarks and de lege ferenda proposals in the analyzed area.
