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This study is dedicated to the analysis of the rules of the Civil Code established for „the presumption of the legal time of conception” and to „the presumption of paternity”, insisting mostly on the novelties brought by the current regulations and by the reactions of the specialized literature in this regard. Where appropriate, de lege ferenda proposals have been grounded in order to eliminate the reported legislative inconsistencies. Also, personal points of view have been expressed on various controversial aspects of the doctrine in relation to the interpretation of the legal rules established for these two important legal institutions. -
Law No 85/2006 on the procedure of insolvency was initially repealed and replaced by the Government Emergency Ordinance No 91/2013 on the procedures for preventing insolvency and of insolvency, which was in force only a few days, being declared unconstitutional, in its entirety, by the Constitutional Court of Romania. For this reason, it was necessary to adopt a new law on this matter (No 85/2014) which entered into force at the end of June 2014. In this study, the authors examine more extensively the principles of the procedure of insolvency, as well as the rights and the obligations of the participants, as currently regulated by Law No 85/2014, in comparison, when appropriate, with the previous law (Law No 85/2006).
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În cazul în care societatea a hotărât, prin hotărâre AGA, demararea acțiunii în răspundere împotriva membrilor organelor sale de conducere, fără a desemna un mandatar special împuternicit cu efectuarea demersului judiciar pentru punerea în aplicare a acestei hotărâri, nu se poate considera că mandatul general de administrator cuprinde, implicit, acest mandat. Prin urmare, acțiunea în justiție promovată de administrator în numele societății, fiind formulată de o persoană care nu prezintă mandatul special cerut de lege, nu respectă cerințele impuse prin art. 155 din Legea nr. 31/1990 cu privire la condițiile speciale ale reprezentării, devenind, astfel, deplin incidente dispozițiile de drept procesual civil referitoare la lipsa dovezii calității de reprezentant, reglementate prin art. 161 C.pr.civ., care impun, în condițiile respectării regimului procesual al excepției, anularea cererii de chemare în judecată. (Înalta Curte de Casație și Justiție, Secția a II-a civilă, Decizia nr. 3726 din 5 noiembrie 2013) -
Aspecte introductive. Motivarea unei hotărâri judecătorești este procesul cognitiv prin care judecătorul, în raport de petitul acțiunii, argumentele părților, probatoriul administrat și dispozițiile legale, elaborează soluția. Motivarea trebuie să înglobeze toate rațiunile ce au dus la edictarea soluției1, expresie a judecății efective a cauzei. Este deci esențial ca soluția pronunțată să aibă la bază o motivare completă, denumită în doctrină ca suficientă (deci nu se urmărește o motivare totală care să răspundă fiecărei susțineri a părților, dar nu se poate accepta o motivare parțială), care să se raporteze cel puțin la fiecare categorie de argumente invocate de părți, prin arătarea rațiunii pentru care a fost reținută respectiva categorie de argumente ori înlăturată.
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The study contains an analysis of the theoretical and practical aspects concerning the extraordinary judicial remedy of reopening criminal proceedings in case of trial in absence of the convicted person in the light of the new Criminal Procedure Code. First, the author presents the reasons for imposing the establishing of an effective remedy in the positive law through which the person on trial in absentia can obtain a retrial in his presence. Further on, after a review of the evolution of national legislation in the field of safeguards for retrial of the person on trial in contumacy, the author of the study emphasizes the meaning conferred by the Romanian legislator to the notion of „trial in absence”. Similarly, there are treated the conditions and the procedure of reopening the criminal proceedings, the particularities of retrial and, finally, the concurrence between the procedural mechanism of reopening criminal proceedings and other judicial remedies – the appeal and the contestation for annulment. Likewise, the author also makes some proposals de lege ferenda for the purpose of improving the regulation of the analyzed institution and of avoiding the appearance of some non-unitary practices during its application.
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The institution of suspension of the individual labour contract is regulated by Articles 49–54 of the Labour Code (Law No 53/2003, republished on 18 May 2011). More or less recently, the Law No 255/2013 for the implementation of Law No 135/2010 on the Criminal Procedure Code (entered into force on 1 February 2014) and for amending and supplementing some normative acts which include criminal procedural provisions, supplemented the Labour Code (republished) by adding Article 52 (1) c1), pursuant to which the suspension of the individual labour contract occurs (on the employer’s initiative) also „in case the measure of judicial control or of judicial control on bail has been taken against the employee, under the terms of the Criminal Procedure Code, if there have been established, as his duty, obligations which prevent the performance of the labour contract, as well as in case the employee is under house arrest, and the content of the measure prevents the performance of the labour contract”. In this study, the author analyses this new and recently regulated case of suspension of the individual labour contract on the employer’s initiative.
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In the absence of some systematic concerns with significant results, the concept of legal culture still remains at the stage of exploration of its meanings. Starting with its increasing role in the configuration of the law, this study deals with defining the concept, placing it in the context of culture in general and emphasizing the constitutive elements and the main contributions: the history of law, the legal language, the dialogue by means of comparative law, the practice of justice and others. The professional legal cultures and their role occupy an important place in the spiritual concert of society. It is analyzed the legal perception of the concept of culture, the role of scientific research in the matter and the implications of globalization. An outline of the Romanian legal culture in the historical dynamics completes the author’s approach.
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The definition of the legal guard of things and animals within Article 1377 of the Civil Code is one of the elements of novelty in our civil legislation, summarizing the most important features outlined over time in the doctrine and in the case-law. The study intends, starting from this definition, to present a selection of solutions and comments concerning the conditions of engaging the tort civil liability of the guardian, the transmission and the splitting up of the legal guard, as well as the causes which exonerate the guardian from its liability.
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Prevederile imperative ale art. 73 alin. (2) din Legea nr. 85/2006, care instituie un termen de 5 zile în care să se formuleze contestația la tabelul preliminar de creanțe, nu intră în contradicție cu termenele recomandate de către judecătorul sindic în încheierea de deschidere a procedurii insolvenței. Prin urmare, nu sunt îndeplinite condițiile prevăzute de art. 322 pct. 7 C.pr.civ. în cazul în care se invocă contrarietatea dintre încheierea de deschidere a procedurii insolvenței și decizia prin care a fost respinsă ca tardivă contestația la tabelul preliminar, întrucât nu se poate confunda termenul prevăzut de art. 73 alin. (2) din Legea nr. 85/2006 cu termenele prevăzute de art. 62 din aceeași lege. (Înalta Curte de Casație și Justiție, Secția a II-a civilă, Decizia nr. 4020 din 19 noiembrie 2013) -
There are different solutions concerning the legality of inclusion in the annual paid leave allowance of the 4 additional sucessive classes of remuneration by which the basic salary is increased, as additional payment for exercising the activity of preventive financial control, according to Article 20 (4) of the Framework Law No 284/2010 on the unitary remuneration of the staff paid from public funds. According to some opinions, it is permitted to include in the annual leave allowance the 4 additional sucessive classes of remuneration, while, according to other opinions, this possibility is not admitted. This study presents the conditions in which, in the opinion of the author, the 4 additional sucessive classes of remuneration can be included in the annual paid leave allowance.
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This study raises for discussion the current meaning of the term „commercial arbitration” within the text of Article 146 d) of the Constitution since, presently, under Article 3 of the current Romanian Civil Code, corroborated with Article 8 of the Law No 71/2011, and of other normative acts issued for the application and the development of the provisions of the Civil Code, the latter is „monistic”, in the sense that the new civil legislation has abandoned the traditional division into civil legal relations and commercial legal relations, a duality that existed in the legislation of private law in Romania until 1 October 2011.
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The article analyses the main changes brought to the Constitution by the bill currently under parliamentary debate. The conclusion is that the bill represents a failure from many perspectives: transparency and public debate that must accompany such an important project; dialogue between the power and the opposition in the Parliament; ignorance for the result of a national referendum and, last but not least, the faulty wording of the text. Normally, if a Constitution revision is desired, the parliamentary majority should start negotiations with other parliamentary parties with the purpose of forming a Constitutional Convention which is to draft a new bill. If the parliamentary debate continues on the current bill declared, almost entirely, by the Constitutional Court as not respecting the revision limits and a new referendum will be organized for the approval of the bill, this bill has all chances to fail. A new revision bill should be drafted after a long political debate in which citizens must understand the necessity of the revision. Also, a new bill should consider the interests of the citizens and not interests of those in power.
