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In any democratic state the activity carried out by the body of magistrates must be limited exclusively to the law and in compliance with the Constitution, because, otherwise, those judgments pronounced by ignoring these requirements, the fundamental rights and freedoms of the citizens, may lead to the commission of some judicial errors, through which the litigants suffer both from damage of material, but especially moral nature. -
Un element care trebuie avut în vedere atunci când se abordează problematica disciplinei Drept parlamentar este frecvența utilizării acestui termen în literatura de specialitate, precum și în programele studiilor de licență sau masterat ale facultăților cu profil juridic, ori ale unor facultăți de științe politice, în care disciplina Dreptul parlamentar s-a studiat și, poate, se studiază încă, ca disciplină/materie de sine stătătoare. Chiar și în limbajul comun termenul de drept parlamentar este suficient de bine încetățenit, ceea ce poate da naștere unei percepții publice eronate, asupra autonomiei sale, ca ramură individuală a sistemului de drept, față de alte ramuri ale dreptului, și, în mod deosebit, față de dreptul constituțional ...
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We are witnessing tremendous progress in the fields of biology and medicine, which consist the possibility to take human cells, tissues and organs for the purpose of their transplantation into another subject’s body, genetic engineering operations, medically assisted human procreation and many other such revolutionary techniques. All of these have proven to be two-edged weapons: on the one hand, they can be used to save lives or to help some couples who, under normal conditions, cannot procreate to give birth to the much-desired children and, on the other hand, they can turn into threats to the human genome or to the social cohesion. It has become necessary for man himself to be the object of legal protection, and, at the same time, a new category of things has emerged, namely the biological products of the human body and the elements detached therefrom, which are intended to be used for therapeutic or research purposes. Thus arose the problem of the legal qualification of these things, which also raised the issue of the existence of a relationship between the subject of law and his body. The doctrinaires are divided into two camps: one that considers that between the subject of law and his body, qualified as a thing, there is a legal relationship of property and another that claims that the human body is the person himself. The qualification of the human body as a thing, the transformation into things of some of its products and of some elements detached therefrom, as well as the possibility of capitalizing on some personality rights, such as the right to voice and the right to image, are part of a process which was called the reification of the person. It is a constantly evolving process which has already included the controversial gestation for another as well. The present study is devoted to the identification of the dangers generated by the qualification of the human body as a thing, with special regard to the gestation for another.
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Selling land outside built-up areas has a specific regulation in Romanian law, often derogatory from the general provisions applicable in the field of selling goods, as regulated by the Romanian Civil Code. This specific regulation is comprised in Law No 17/2014 concerning some regulatory measures in case of selling agricultural land located outside the built-up area and for modifying the Law No 268/2001 on privatising commercial societies which administer state owned public and private property lands, destined for agricultural needs, act which suffered a series of important modifications by the Law No 175 from 14 th August 2020. This legal modification from 2020 implements a series of important legal changes related to the holders of pre-emption rights, but also concerning the specific modalities of selling agricultural lands located outside the built-up areas, when the holder of pre-emption rights does not want to buy. Also, in each case when the court is asked to give a decision which supersedes a selling contract, the petition is admissible only if the pre-contract is legally signed, according with the Civil code provisions and all other legal requirements are fulfilled, meaning: obtaining all necessary authorisations, respecting the pre-emption right, respecting the fiscal and land registration requirements. The law also clarifies how the pre-emption procedure works and how it is controlled by the state authorities.
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In this study, the author analyzes, in the light of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the manner of observing the principle of impartiality of the Romanian judges within the national procedures regarding the establishment and functioning of the associations and foundations. Within the introductory section, general elements regarding the freedom of peaceful assembly and association are presented, according to Article 11 of the Convention. Subsequently, the relevant provisions of the Government Ordinance No 26/2000 on associations and foundations are emphasized. Their analysis, from the perspective of the civil side of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms,considers the minimum standard imposed on Romania by this treaty. After presenting the conventional reference provisions applicable at the level of the Member States of the Council of Europe, the author demonstrates the lack of a hermetic delimitation between the subjective impartiality and the objective impartiality of the national judge, in the analyzed hypothesis. At the same time, it is outlined the need to respect the role of neutral arbitrator of the court. Based on the rich case law of the European Court of Human Rights, the author manages to capture the shortcomings of the national regulation. This study includes both a theoretical and practical debate on the obligations and responsibility of the Romanian state, according to the Convention, and a proposal de lege ferenda, in order to respect the principle of impartiality of judges. In relation to the large number of case files registered annually by courts of first instance, regarding the establishment and functioning of associations and foundations, the study is also an alarm signal, in order to avoid the responsibility of the Romanian state, according to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.
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Starting from the specifics of the action in deficiency in the European Union law, the author pleads for the reconsideration of this action in the Romanian administrative law, as a legal means of stimulating the public administration in exercising the attributions regarding the organization of the law enforcement, so that it can become concretely applicable. In this sense, there are presented the theoretical and practical considerations that converge towards the recognition in our law as well of the defective action in accordance with the provisions of the European Union law, as well as the proposals de lege ferenda regarding the reconfiguration of the legal regime of this action.
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The completion of the criminal justice activity requires the immediate execution of the final criminal decisions and continuity in the enforcement activity. However, there are also exceptional situations in which the report on criminal enforcement law is suspended as a result of impediments to the execution of the punishment. Such a situation is also the postponement of the execution of the prison sentence or life imprisonment. Postponing the execution of the punishment is not a removal of the punishment imposed on the convict, but only the delay from which it is to begin, being an exception to the rule of immediate enforcement of the criminal judgment. In order to avoid situations of unjustified delay in the execution of the punishment, or even to the abolition of punishment, the legislator provided expressly and limitatively the cases and conditions in which the sentenced person may obtain the postponement of the execution of the punishment. Far from being exhaustive, the present study can represent a supporting element for certain legal or practical clarifications related to the institution of postponing the execution of imprisonment or life imprisonment.
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The cases that justify a home search are still the subject of important controversies both in doctrine and especially in practice. Also, the delimitation between the situation in which the criminal investigation agents enter a person’s home in order to carry out a home search and the situations in which the police agents are obliged to enter a home to fulfil their duties is of ten extremely sensitive. It is precisely these controversies that often lead state agents to be reluctant to enter a private space in order to avoid being accused of committing a crime. We hope that this study will prove to be a useful tool in identifying those hypotheses in which it is really necessary to resort to a home search as well as the criteria for delimiting the search and other institutions of criminal procedural law.
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The article presents the interpretation established by the Court of Justice of the European Union of Article 8 (1) (c) of the Council Framework Decision 2002/584/JHA of 13 June 2002 on the European arrest warrant and the surrender procedures between Member States, as amended by Council Framework Decision 2009/299/JHA of 26 February 2009, according to which the notion „arrest warrant”, as set out in this provision, is to be understood as designating a national arrest warrant distinct from the European arrest warrant. From another perspective, there are analyzed the consequences of the Decision in the Case C-241/15 and the effects on the procedure for enforcing the European arrest warrant of the requested person issued by a judicial authority from a Member State of the European Union.
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Unitatea Teritorială de Analiză a Informațiilor (UTAI) Oradea nu a desfășurat activități de punere în executare a vreunui mandat de supraveghere, în speță, ci doar a transmis cererea organelor de cercetare penală și ulterior a transmis către acestea răspunsul primit de la operatorii de telefonie mobilă. Prin urmare, nu se poate aprecia că aceștia au administrat probe în dosar, ci doar au intermediat, fără a face cercetări suplimentare, transmiterea corespondenței între organul de cercetare penală și operatorii de telefonie mobilă, acesta fiind și motivul pentru care nu aveau nevoie de aviz de poliție judiciară, întrucât nu desfășurau acte de urmărire penală. (Judecătoria Oradea, Secția penală, Încheierea nr. 198 din 10 ianuarie 2020).
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În temeiul dispozițiilor art. 1 alin. (1), art. 8 alin. (1), art. 18 alin. (3) și art. 19 din Legea nr. 554/2004 1 , care reglementează regimul juridic al acțiunii în despăgubiri, revine instanței de contencios administrativ să se pronunțe asupra dreptului la repararea pagubei cauzate, analizând condițiile de admisibilitate a cererii, inclusiv existența dreptului la reparație și modalitatea de acordare a acesteia. Astfel, acțiunea având ca obiect repararea pagubei produse ca urmare a anulării unor acte administrative atrage, în raport cu aceste dispoziții legale, competența instanței de contencios administrativ, potrivit principiului general de drept conform căruia legea specială derogă de la legea generală. „Specialia generalibus derogant” este un principiu juridic ce implică faptul că norma specială e cea care derogă de la norma generală și că norma specială este de strictă interpretare la cazul respectiv. Mai mult, o normă generală nu poate înlătura de la aplicare o normă specială. Fiind derogatorie de la norma generală, rezultă că norma specială se aplică ori de câte ori ne găsim în fața unui caz ce intră sub incidența prevederilor sale, deci norma specială se aplică prioritar față de norma generală, chiar și atunci când norma specială este mai veche decât norma generală. Aplicarea principiului conform căruia legea specială derogă de la legea generală are ca efect înlăturarea dreptului comun de la aplicare. Așadar, incidența acestui principiu înlătură, totodată, posibilitatea coexistenței a două căi judiciare, una pe legea specială și cealaltă pe dreptul comun. (Î.C.C.J., s. a I-a civ., Dec. nr. 1016 din 2 iunie 2020, www.scj.ro)
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Potrivit art. 46 alin. (1) C.pr.pen., pentru motive temeinice privind mai buna desfășurare a judecății, instanța poate dispune disjungerea acesteia cu privire la unii dintre inculpați sau la unele dintre infracțiuni. Conform art. 421 pct. 2 lit. b) C.pr.pen., instanța, judecând apelul, pronunță una dintre următoarele soluții: admite apelul și desființează sentința primei instanțe și dispune rejudecarea de către instanța a cărei hotărâre a fost desființată pentru motivul că judecarea cauzei la acea instanță a avut loc în lipsa unei părți nelegal citate sau care, legal citată, a fost în imposibilitate de a se prezenta și de a înștiința instanța despre această imposibilitate, invocată de acea parte. Rejudecarea de către instanța a cărei hotărâre a fost desființată se dispune și atunci când instanța nu s-a pronunțat asupra unei fapte reținute în sarcina inculpatului prin actul de sesizare sau asupra acțiunii civile ori când există vreunul dintre cazurile de nulitate absolută, cu excepția cazului de necompetență, când se dispune rejudecarea de către instanța competentă. Articolul 6 paragr. 1 din Convenția (europeană) pentru apărarea drepturilor omului și a libertăților fundamentale (în continuare „Convenția”) stabilește că orice persoană are dreptul la judecarea cauzei sale în mod echitabil, în mod public și într-un termen rezonabil, de către o instanță independentă și imparțială, instituită de lege, care va hotărî fie asupra încălcării drepturilor și obligațiilor sale cu caracter civil, fie asupra temeiniciei oricărei acuzații în materie penală îndreptate împotriva sa. Potrivit art. 2 paragr. 1 din Protocolul nr. 7 la Convenție, orice persoană declarată vinovată de o infracțiune de către un tribunal are dreptul să ceară examinarea declarației de vinovăție sau a condamnării de către o jurisdicție superioară. Exercitarea acestui drept, inclusiv motivele pentru care acesta poate fi exercitat, sunt reglementate de lege. (cu notă aprobativă).
