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The article examines from a theoretical point of view and from a practical perspective the rules regulating the ancillary punishment and the complementary punishments, presenting the aspects of continuity and the novelties brought by the criminal provisions in the field. -
The safety measure of extended confiscation was introduced by the Law No 63/2012 and is a transposition into the national legislation of the provisions of Article 3 of the Framework Decision 2005/212/JHA on Confiscation of Crime-Related Proceeds, Instrumentalities and Property. The study below has as purpose to analyse the provisions of this measure, provided in Article 1121 within the general part of the Criminal Code.
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The principle of opportunity is applied in all criminal legislations, although some leave it unmentioned and others expressly establish it. The author analyses the evolution of this principle, starting from the former criminal legislation to the criminal legislation in force, pointing out the advantages of the new regulation.
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The new Criminal Code brings changes with regard to the offences against property, contained in Title II of the special part, including with regard to the incidence of reconciliation. The mixed nature of this institution of criminal material law and of criminal procedural law has generated difficulties in the judicial practice, particularly in relation to Article 159 (2) of the Criminal Code, which states that it must occur before reading the referral act and it raises for discussion a constitutionality examination in relation to the Constitutional Court case-law.
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Within this paper it is examined the institution of recognition and enforcement of pecuniary sanctions by a competent authority of another Member State of the European Union, regarded as a form of judicial assistance in criminal matters at the level of the Member States. The study is a continuation of the research on the institution of judicial assistance, materialized in the author’s publication of other materials in the specialized reviews and in the volumes of some international conferences. The study can be useful both to practitioners in this field and to the students of faculties of law. The element of novelty is the examination of the institution in the light of the new amendments brought to the Romanian and European legislation, as well as by critical remarks expressed, remarks meant to help improve the phrasing of incidental legal rules.
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Prin Constituția din 1991 s-a înființat în România, pentru prima dată în istoria sa, Curtea Constituțională, rolul său fiind de garant al supremației Constituției. Ulterior, a fost adoptată Legea nr. 47/1992 privind organizarea și funcționarea Curții Constituționale1. Constituția revizuită în 2003 (titlul V intitulat „Curtea Constituțională”), Legea nr. 47/1992 privind organizarea și funcționarea Curții Constituționale și Regulamentul de organizare și funcționare a Curții Constituționale, aprobat prin Hotărârea nr. 6/2012 a Plenului Curții Constituționale2, alcătuiesc cadrul legal de manifestare a competenței Curții Constituționale.
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Din conținutul art. 64 din Ordonanța de urgență a Guvernului nr. 109/2005 și art. V din Ordonanța de urgență a Guvernului nr. 34/2010 rezultă că actul prin care s-a dispus măsura administrativă de suspendare a dreptului de utilizare a unui vehicul, prin reținerea certificatului de înmatriculare și a plăcuțelor cu numărul de înmatriculare, are caracterul unui act administrativ autonom, conținând o sancțiune de sine stătătoare, care poate fi contestat la instanța de contencios administrativ, în condițiile Legii nr. 554/2004.
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Aspecte introductive. La data de 1 februarie 2014 s-a produs un eveniment mult așteptat în domeniul dreptului penal, respectiv intrarea în vigoare a Legii nr. 286/2009 privind Codul penal, aceasta urmând a constitui în viitor legea penală de maximă generalitate și stabilitate. Procesul elaborării unui astfel de act normativ nu a fost unul facil, fiind extins pe durata a mai mult de 10 ani și fiind presărat cu multe evenimente fără precedent în peisajul juridic românesc: s-a adoptat Legea nr. 301/2004 care urma să intre în vigoare la un an de la data publicării în Monitorul Oficial al României și să reprezinte Codul penal al României, dar, după mai multe prorogări succesive ale termenului de intrare în vigoare, actul normativ a fost abrogat, fără să fi avut vreo zi de activitate1, actualul Cod penal fiind adoptat prin utilizarea procedeului asumării răspunderii Guvernului României în fața Parlamentului României. În acest fel s-a ajuns la publicarea în Monitorul Oficial al României2 a Legii nr. 286/2009 care a rămas în stare latentă timp de aproape 5 ani, termenul său de intrare în vigoare nefiind stabilit în cadrul său, ci ulterior, în Legea nr. 187/2012 pentru punerea în aplicare a Legii nr. 286/2009 privind Codul penal3. -
Introducere. La nivel constituțional, principiul referitor la activitatea legii penale a fost consacrat odată cu adoptarea Constituției României din 1991, iar, după revizuirea din anul 2003, principiul a fost extins și cu privire la legea contravențională. Potrivit art. 15 alin. (2) din Constituție, „Legea dispune numai pentru viitor, cu excepția legii penale sau contravenționale mai favorabile.” Transformarea unui principiu legal într-unul constituțional are și importante semnificații juridice, pentru că „neretroactivitatea legii, ca principiu constituțional, este obligatorie pentru toate ramurile de drept, fără excepție, nu numai pentru acelea care îl prevăd explicit. Apoi, în afara excepției stabilite prin Constituție, nicio altă excepție nu poate aduce limitări acestui principiu constituțional, orice alte prevederi legale contrarii trebuind a fi considerate neconstituționale și putând fi atacate pe căile controlului de constituționalitate”1.
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În arhitectura reformei judiciare legislative în materie penală, data de 1 februarie 2014 este marcată de intrarea în vigoare a Codului penal și a Codului de procedură penală, care prin noile dispoziții conferă o nouă filosofie multor instituții de drept substanțial și procedural penal. Această concluzie este susținută de expunerile de motive la cele două coduri, care în mod concret explică intenția legiuitorului de a reglementa instituțiile modificate sau nou introduse, realizându-se un proces de armonizare atât cu legislația, cât și cu jurisprudența internațională și europeană.
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Aspecte introductive. Dintre normele Codului penal1, cele care prezintă interes pentru materia aplicării legii penale mai favorabile sunt cuprinse în art. 4 (aplicarea legii penale de dezincriminare), art. 5 (aplicarea legii penale mai favorabile până la judecarea definitivă a cauzei) și art. 6 (aplicarea legii penale mai favorabile după judecarea definitivă a cauzei). Principiul activității legii penale, prevăzut în art. 3 C.pen., are un corolar, respectiv neretroactivitatea legii penale. De la această regulă pot exista și excepții fie sub forma retroactivității legii penale, fie sub forma ultraactivității legii penale2.
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Este incontestabil că intrarea în vigoare a noului Cod penal a ridicat unele probleme în mod deosebit în practica aplicării legii penale mai favorabile, probleme ce au primit soluții diferite, evident în continuare controversate. În acest fel, odată cu intrarea în vigoare a noului Cod penal, la 1 februarie 2014, în practica aplicării legii penale apar situații diferite cu consecințe și reglementări deosebite în care se pot găsi persoanele care au săvârșit infracțiuni, astfel:
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Introducere. În aplicarea principiului legii penale mai favorabile (mitior lex) se disting două situații tipice care necesită reglementare juridică diferită: aplicarea legii penale până la judecarea definitivă a cauzei sau după judecarea definitivă a cauzei. Prima ipoteză se referă la situația în care, între momentul săvârșirii faptei și momentul rămânerii definitive a hotărârii de condamnare, intervin una sau mai multe legi penale, punându-se problema alegerii, din legile succesive intervenite, a legii penale mai favorabile.
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Considerații generale. În art. 146 din Constituția României, republicată, legiuitorul constituant a prevăzut atribuțiile Curții Constituționale, procedura jurisdicțională fiind menționată în cadrul secțiunii a 2-a din capitolul III, denumit „Competența Curții Constituționale”, din Legea nr. 47/1992 privind organizarea și funcționarea Curții Constituționale, republicată1. Potrivit dispozițiilor textului menționat, una din atribuțiile Curții Constituționale este aceea de a hotărî „asupra excepțiilor de neconstituționalitate privind legile și ordonanțele, ridicate în fața instanțelor judecătorești sau de arbitraj comercial; excepția de neconstituționalitate poate fi ridicată și direct de Avocatul Poporului” [art. 146 lit. d) din Constituția României, republicată].
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Introducere.1 Una dintre principalele probleme existente în practica judiciară, după intrarea în vigoare a noului Cod penal, a fost legată de modalitatea de aplicare a legii penale mai favorabile. Aceasta a generat practica neunitară a instanțelor de judecată și a determinat pronunțarea de soluții de către Înalta Curte de Casație și Justiție și de către Curtea Constituțională. Realizarea unei diagnoze a celor 6 luni de aplicare a noului Cod penal reflectă modalitatea oscilantă în care au fost aplicate principiile care stabilesc determinarea legii mai favorabile, cu evidente consecințe asupra stabilirii pedepselor în cauzele aflate în curs de soluționare.
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In this study the author examines mainly the problems of the meaning, scope of application and effects of the provisions of Article 123 of the new Law (No 85/2014) on the procedures for preventing insolvency and of insolvency referring, on the one hand, to the possibility of „denunciation” of the individual labour contracts of the debtor’s employees (undergoing insolvency) by the judicial administrator/judicial liquidator and, on the other hand, to the „dissolution” of the labour contracts of those in question, pointing out that we are in the presence of two distinct grounds for cessation of the labour contract of the employed personnel of the debtor.
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The idea of this study was generated by the concern, relatively modest, which the specialised literature has expressed, after the entry into force of the current Civil Code (1 October 2011), for analysing the legal rules established for the legal institution of „loss of exercise of parental rights”. In fact, the study tends to be a thorough and systematic analysis of the regulations of the Civil Code established for this legal institution, the author also being equally concerned by the grounding of some de lege ferenda proposals meant to eliminate the various imperfections of the legal rules in the field.
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This study subjects to our attention brief critical reflections on the provisions of the new Civil Code in matters of seizin. Appeared as an institution that had served the transmission of the property right from the deceased to his legal heirs, evolving as an institution that had served the possession of property in the inheritance, the seizin was taken over by the Romanian Civil Code of 1864 in a truncated manner from the French Civil Code, which gave rise to a confusing legal regime, constantly criticized in the doctrine in point of content, effects and scope of application thereof. Although the Romanian legislator had the opportunity to complete the field of application and to define by law the notion of seizin by the reform of the civil law occurred in 2011, it has regulated the seizin so that, at least for reasons of terminology, the author considers that the legal texts are still open for improvement, being susceptible of non-application or generating confusions in the current wording.
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In the ambience of the legal framework established by the new Civil Procedure Code, this study proposes an analysis of some aspects referring to the determination of the jurisdiction of courts which settle civil disputes in matters of performance of civil contracts, in relation to the procedural provisions instituted by the new Civil Procedure Code. In order to achieve the proposed approach, the study analyses both the problems of determining the jurisdictions of the courts which settle disputes derived from the performance of civil contracts depending on the value of the object of the civil contract and the problems of determining the jurisdictions of the courts which settle the requests concerning the obligations to do or not to do, non-assessable in cash, having a contractual source. There are also analyzed the modalities for determining the jurisdictions of the courts which settle disputes derived from the tenancy contract, with its varieties, and, respectively, the leasing contract.
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Some clauses of the collective labour contracts concluded at level of groups of units or of sectors of activity, applicable for the years 2014–2015, appear to be in contradiction with the labour legislation in force. Without being exhaustive, this study analyses such contractual clauses, by comparing them to similar legal provisions, the author proposing some practical solutions, so that the application of these provisions of the collective labour contracts would not create difficulties.
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Together with the tax statement, the taxation decision is the main legal document for establishing and individualising of the fiscal obligation. It is a fiscal administrative document, to which the special law assigns the valences of a debenture, however particularizing it by issuer, object which it concerns, content, form and enforceable legal power. These aspects will be the object of analysis in this study, having as finality the configuration of the legal regime of this legal fiscal instrument.
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Tax domicile is defined in the Fiscal Procedure Code in order to provide solutions to some problems of administration of taxes, contributions and other amounts owed by taxpayers, especially those on the tax registration and establishing territorial competence of the fiscal bodies. Also, the tax domicile is important in a fiscal legal relationship, in the relationships of the taxpayer with the tax authorities in case the taxpayer may be represented by an empowered person. The taxpayer with no tax domicile in Romania, who has the obligation of submitting tax declarations to the tax authorities should designate an empowered person, with tax residence in Romania, with some exceptions recently regulated by the Fiscal Procedure Code. Based on the importance of the correct determination the taxpayer’s tax domicile, the study aims to examine the legal implications of tax domicile in the procedure for the administration of taxpayers.
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The patrimonial civil rights the content of which has a pecuniary value include the real rights and the claim rights. The claim rights must be regarded directly as a relationship between persons, and, only indirectly, as a relationship between persons and things. The present study aims to analyze in detail the definition of the claim rights, of their legal characters, of the sources and the history of these rights. At the same time, this study proposes a comparative analysis between the claim rights and the real rights.
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In this study, the author examines Article 11 paragraph (4) the first subparagraph of the Treaty on the European Union concerning the citizens’ initiative, which provides that „Not less than one million citizens who are nationals of a significant number of Member States may take the initiative of inviting the European Commission, within the framework of its powers, to submit any appropriate proposal on matters where citizens consider that a legal act of the Union is required for the purpose of implementing the Treaties.” In this regard, after the statutory procedure in this matter is indicated, there are described the various citizens’s initiatives promoted up to the present.
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Conform art. 315 alin. (2) lit. d) C.pr.pen., în cazul în care procurorul dispune soluția de clasare a cauzei, ordonanța trebuie că cuprindă (după caz) și mențiunea sesizării judecătorului de cameră preliminară cu propunerea de desființare totală sau parțială a unui înscris. Acest aspect este reluat în art. 5491 C.pr.pen., care reglementează procedura în asemenea situații; astfel, potrivit alin. (1), în cazul în care procurorul a dispus clasarea sau renunțarea la urmărire penală și sesizarea judecătorului de cameră preliminară în vederea luării măsurii de siguranță a confiscării speciale sau a desființării unui înscris, ordonanța de clasare, însoțită de dosarul cauzei, se înaintează instanței căreia i-ar reveni, potrivit legii, competența să judece cauza în primă instanță, după expirarea termenului prevăzut la art. 339 alin. (4) ori, după caz, la art. 340 sau după pronunțarea hotărârii prin care plângerea a fost respinsă. Conform alin. (3) al art. 5491 C.pr.pen., judecătorul de cameră preliminară poate dispune una dintre următoarele soluții:
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Analizând cererea de recurs, instanța reține următoarele: În fapt, motivul de recurs invocat de recurenta-reclamantă Banca T. privește posibilitatea antrenării răspunderii civile delictuale a lichidatorului, în temeiul art. 22 alin. (4) coroborat cu art. 24 alin. (1) din Legea nr. 85/2006, pentru săvârșirea unui act prevăzut de această lege în competența sa. Ambele părți – atât recurenta-reclamantă, cât și intimata-pârâtă S. – S.P.R.L. – sunt de acord asupra următoarelor elemente de fapt: – la data de 24 martie 2011 a fost vândut la licitație un bun imobil (apartament) al debitoarei M. – S.R.L., al cărei lichidator este intimata-pârâtă S. – S.P.R.L. (Proces-verbal de licitație nr. 30 din 24 martie 2011); – în vederea participării la licitație, recurenta-reclamantă a făcut o ofertă de adjudecare a imobilului, în contul creanței pe care o are împotriva debitoarei M. – S.R.L., la prețul de 18.750 euro – echivalentul a 75% din valoarea de evaluare a imobilului (Adresa nr. 9552 din 24 martie 2011);
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This study proposes a thorough and precise examination of the provisions of the present Civil Code regarding the institution of the contract, especially, its drafting mechanism. The objective of our research concerns the reference made to the innovative items, but also a critical view regarding the possible discrepancies existing between the legal text and the judicial practice, respectively the concepts developed by the specialty literature under the pressure of the Civil Code of the year 1864. The approach is based upon a permanent tendency to refer to the comparative law, especially the European law and the great projects of unifying the regulation of the international commercial contracts, UNIDROIT Principles and the Principles of European Contract Law. We notice that one of the basic ideas taken into account by the editors of the Civil Code is that of „unifying” the civil law and the commercial law, by adopting the solutions proposed by other Codes, such as the Swiss or the Italian code. The assembly of the regulations applicable to the mechanism of the contract drafting has to be construed from this perspective. The usefulness is undisputable considering that the distinction cannot be justified at this level in a modern society. Likewise, it is required to specify that in the matter of drafting the contract, the good faith principle was raised to the rank of an „axiological summum”, being present both in the negotiations-related regulations and in the rigorous and detailed provisions of the offer and of its acceptance. -
The author examines the provisions of articles 1013–1024 of the new Romanian Code of civil procedure (Law no. 134/2010, as republished on the 3rd of August 2012 and entered into force on the 1st of February 2012) in the matter of the order for payment comparing them to the previous provisions (abrogated at present) of the Government Ordinance no. 5/2001 on the payment summons and of the Government Emergency Ordinance no. 119/2007 regarding the order for payment. Finally, she appreciates in a positive manner the new regulation in the matter and recorded in the new Romanian Code of civil procedure.
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From the point of view of the legal content, the execution of the prison sentence under supervision represents the penultimate way as regards the difficulty of the execution regime, being more facile than the regime involving deprivation of liberty. This execution method disposed by the trial court produces immediate effects, so that the sentence imposed is not actually executed, however, during the supervision period, the person convicted must observe the supervision measures set forth by law, the obligations imposed by the court and to fully perform the civil obligations set forth in the judgment of conviction. If the person convicted does not commit any new offence and he/she complies the supervision measures and with the abovementioned obligations during the supervision period, this execution method produces final effects as the sentence imposed is deemed to be executed by operation of law. In exchange, in case the person convicted does not comply with the supervision measures set forth by law, with the obligations imposed by the court or with the civil obligations set forth in the judgment of conviction during the supervision period, the court is obliged to revoke the advantage of suspending the sentence execution under supervision and to dispose its execution by deprivation of liberty. If the person convicted commits a new offence during the supervision period, the trial court is obliged to establish the sentence for the respective offence, to revoke the suspension of the execution of the sentence under supervision and to apply the sentence according to the second offence rules or to the rules of the intermediary plurality.
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The study approaches the issue of the recrimination of the offence of usury according to the new Romanian Criminal Code. The author examines the criminal, contravention and civil involvements of lending money on interest and emphasizes the part that the National Bank of Romania has for authorizing the persons entitled to lend money on interest.
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The codification is not only the expression of the political will of the legislator, but mainly a complex judicial technique of selecting and adjusting the normative content needed and adequate for a certain social, political, economic or institutional reality. As the constitution is a law, but it is rather differentiated from a law, the question to be raised shall consist in deciding what kind of legal rules it comprises. The settlement of this problem has to take into consideration the specificity of the fundamental law, but also the requirements of the codification theory. The establishment of the normative content of the constitution with all scientific rigor shall be indispensable, both for the removal of the inaccuracy as regards the determination of the differences from the law, for the stability and predictability of the basic law and last but not least for the reality and effectiveness of its supremacy. This study carries out an analysis of the techniques and requirements of selecting and adjusting the constitutional rules depending on the comparative criteria, referring to their specificity, to the practice of other states and within the historical background.
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In this study has been underlined the most important trends and options regarding the role of state sovereignty in the contemporary world. Has been analyzed the place of the sovereignty in the process of integration and globalization. The conclusion is that even in this process, sovereignty of state continues to be an important component in the relations of states, based on cooperation and non-subordination.
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This study describes a series of aspects regarding: the form of the state, the structure of the state and the governing form, insisting upon their features and divisions, at the same time pointing out the classifications of the structures of the state (the unitary state, the composite state); respectively, the monarchy (absolute and constitutional) and the republic (presidential, semi-presidential or parliamentary).
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According to the previous Romanian Civil Code (1864), and to the present Civil Code, as well (Law no. 287/2009, as republished), regarding the way they are drafted, the contracts may be consensual or real, as appropriate (the contract is drafted just upon the handover of the good; only a promise of agreement is valid until that time). The author, according to a certain part of the Romanian legal doctrine, considers that from the legal point of view, the contract for the transportation of persons has a consensual nature (is concluded by the simple agreement of the parties), however the contract for the transportation of goods has a real nature (being concluded just upon the handover of the good to be transported).
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According to the Romanian laws in the matter, the President of Romania, the senators, the deputies, the presidents of the county councils, the mayors, the county counselors and the local counselors are elected by the people by direct vote. Instead, the vice-presidents of the county councils and the deputy mayors of the local councils shall be elected by the indirect vote of the representatives elected in the county councils and respectively, in the local councils. Examining this issue regulated in several laws successively amended and supplemented, which results in a series of confusions regarding the enforcement, the author concludes that it would be reasonable and advisable for the vice-presidents of the county councils and for the deputy mayors of the local councils to be elected by a direct vote.
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The article contains an analysis of litigation on reducing military service pensions recalculated/revised by Law no. 119/2010 and by Government Emergency Ordinance no. 1/2011, in relation to those retained by the High Court of Cassation and Justice in Decision no. 29/2011, given in solving interesting appeal in law, on the application of the provisions of Law no. 29/2011. From the perspectives of the Decision no. 29/2011 the High Court of Cassation and Justice, the analysis is presented on two levels. First, targeting issues of constitutionality of the Law. 119/2010 and, second, conventional control of the law courts, in assessing the application effects in concreto of national standards, by reference to the European Convention on Human Rights.
