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Raportul de expertizã întocmit într-o cauzã penalã ce viza sãvârșirea unor infracțiuni de cãtre reprezentanții unei societãți comerciale constituie, în litigiul având ca obiect contestarea de cãtre respectiva societate a legalitãții unor acte administrativ-fiscale, un mijloc de probã extrajudiciar, care prin excepție de la principiul nemijlocirii probelor, poate fi folosit numai în cazul în care nu pot fi administrate probe judiciare în cauza respectivã (Înalta Curte de Casație și Justiție, Secția de contencios administrativ și fiscal, decizia 5115 din 13 noiembrie 2009). -
According to the latest’s international studies about economics in Latin America, a natural problem that have emerged it is the lack of finance oriented in two fronts: in first place, to the small and medium corporations, and in second place, to promote businesses devoted to the technological innovation. In that lines of ideas, for the last years have being accepted in the Chilean Congress several changes in the commercial law, destined to provide an adequate juridical structure to provide entrepreneurs to generate the evolution our markets require to enter a natural standard of growth, two politics in this direction were the creation of corporations of multiple guaranty, and stock divided corporations with limited responsibility, who are called as a concrete solution to this problems.
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In this article, the author attempts to draw the attention of law practitioners in Romania on the importance of the “money laundering” phenomenon, in the context of the need to fight against organized crime and crime in general, followed, in most cases, by the attempt to “legalize” the income obtained from criminal activities. We believe that the action is welcome, being aimed at a better specialization of Romanian practitioners, also in the context of the relative “novelty” of this criminal pattern at both national and international level, in the field of prevention and fighting against money laundering.
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The authors intend, in the first part of the article, to clarify, based on decisions made by the European Court of Human Rights, the meaning of “criminal charge” in relation to the provisions of art. 6 of the (European) Convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, while in the second part of the article, they review the effects of the decision made in the case Anghel vs. Romania on the national legal framework and on case law.
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The article reviews the effects of suspending the judgment of the case during the settlement of the non-constitutionality exception, by reference to art. 6 of the Convention for the defense of human rights and fundamental freedoms, in particular in what regards the requirement of a reasonable hearing term and of celerity of the criminal trial. In addition, the consequences of resolution no. 3/ 2010 of the Constitutional Court on pending criminal procedures on the dockets of the courts of law are discussed.
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Starting from a decision made in the interest of the law by the High Court of Cassation and Justice, which stated that the terms regulated in art. 278 para. 3 and in art. 2781 para. 2 of the Criminal Procedure Code, for exercising the remedy of complaint against resolutions or ordinances of the prosecutor for not sending a case to justice, can only represent peremptory procedural terms, the article analyses the consequences on the fairness of the procedure of non-settlement by the hierarchically superior prosecutor, within the deadline provided by law, of the complaint against the solution of not sending a case to justice, reaching the conclusion that the legal text under review should be reconfigured, either by way of clarifying the nature of the term provided in art. 277 of the Criminal Procedure Code as a lapse term, or by way of linking the term referred to in art. 2781 of the Criminal Procedure Code to the time of communication of the solution of the hierarchically superior prosecutor, to avoid “deviations” from the fairness principle.
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According to the decision of the supreme court, further to the judge admitting the complaint against the resolution not to initiate criminal investigations and sending the case to the prosecutor, the latter cannot be obliged to initiate the criminal investigation; in his turn, the judge cannot hold the case for settlement, the consequences being very serious in what regards free access to justice.
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According to the provisions of art. 270 para. 2 of the Romanian Customs Code, as amended by Law no. 291/2009, for the offence of smuggling to exist, it is necessary that the customs value of the goods or merchandise concealed from customs control exceed RON 20,000 in the case of products subject to excise tax and RON 40,000 for other goods and merchandise. This study is aimed at the identification of the procedures for establishing the customs value of the merchandise, according to the provisions of the Customs Code, of the Regulation for its application and of the Norms applicable to travelers and other individuals, as well as the limitations regarding the ordering of an expert report in the case, by way of ordinance issued by the prosecutor performing the criminal investigation.
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In this study, after briefly describing the concept of sovereignty, the author successively examines the sovereignty of member states in their relation with the European Union, express restrictions of sovereignty (changes which occurred in the constitutions of member states); certain issues regarding the permanent integration of member states.
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Lately, the National Council for the Settlement of Challenges faced numerous challenges against acts of various commercial companies, without having the capacity of contracting authorities, but who benefit from public funds for the performance of certain public interest projects, companies which, according to the financing agreements concluded with the financing bodies, should have made any acquisitions necessary for the performance of the projects based on the Government’s Emergency Ordinance no. 34/2006 on the award of public procurement contracts, of contracts for the concession of public works and of contracts for the concession of services. The study represents the second part of an article with the same title, published in issue no. 7/2010 of this magazine and is intended to present a comparison of diverging solutions to such challenges and the grounds they are based on, as encountered in the recent practice of the Council and of control bodies.
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According to art. 32 of the Land Property Law no. 18/1991 (republished on January 5, 1998) in the case of „establishing” the right of ownership as provided in this law, the land thus attributed to individuals „shall not be alienated by documents between the living for 10 years, starting from the beginning of the year following the one during which the property was registered, under the penalty of absolute nullity of the alienation document”, the city hall, the prefect’s office, the prosecutor’s office or any other interested person being entitled to file a claim for the ascertainment of nullity. The author discusses the general cases resulting from this text of law, and in principal whether the 10-years term lapses (is counted) from the „registration” of the property in agricultural registries or from its „transcription”, or „registration” of an alienated property in transcription registries, namely its „registration” in the Land Book.
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In this study, after a brief introduction on parental rights and obligations, the author examines, in the light of the legislation currently in force (Family Code – amended by Law no. 288/2007, and Laws no. 272/2004 and no. 273/ 2004), and in the light of the future Romanian Civil Code (published on July 24, 2009 but not yet into force), the status of parental rights and obligations, provided that the child has been legally entrusted to other persons, discussing, in this manner, with priority, the extent to which the parents are entitled to provide their consent to the marriage of their child (if the child is a minor) or to his/her adoption.
