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La protection et mise en valeur du patrimoine culturel et naturel constituent deux des vecteurs de l’actuelle politique d’aménagement du territoire au Portugal. Il ne s’agit pas d’un aspect étonnant, prise en considération la richesse et diversité des biens (culturels et naturels) que le Pays dispose. Ainsi, et en ce qui concerne le patrimoine naturel, l’ensemble d’aires classées à l’abri du Réseau 2000 et du Réseau National des Aires Protégées représentait, déjà en 2005, 21,3% du territoire national, s’élevant même, dans certaines zones, à 50% de la surface total (comme il arrive dans la NUT de Serra da Estrela) 1. À son tour, les actions de sauvegarde et de mise en valeur du patrimoine culturel ont augmenté exponentiellement, se traduisant dans une croissance considérable du nombre de biens classés, qui a augmenté près de 85% entre 1980 et 2003. En effet, il y a des aires avec une grande concentration de patrimoine classé, comme il arrive au Norte Litoral, Área Metropolitana do Porto (avec extension vers Douro), Beira Interior, Área Metropolitana de Lisboa (avec extension vers Vale do Tejo), Alto Alentejo et Alentejo Central, avec un grand poids dans le patrimoine archéologique2. -
1.- La signification de la planification hydrologique dans la Directive Cadre sur l’Eau. 2.- Les retards significatifs des États dans l’application de la Directive. 3.- Les districts hydrographiques comme référence des plans hydrologiques. 4.Les autorités administratives responsables des districts hydrographiques. 5.- Les procédures d’élaboration des plans hydrologiques. 6.- Le contenu des plans hydrologiques. 7.- Valeur et effets des plans hydrologiques. 8.- Le contrôle judiciaire des plans hydrologiques. Bibliographie.
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Searching for a matter of convergence between the specialties of each author, in a mutuus consensus sine qua non, the authors finally stopped on the ancient in dubio pro reo driven by a bunch of original ideas, which they considered worth to be presented. Naturally, subsequently, they had both sympathizers and critics, each category having its well-determined role in the evolution of the Law science. With an age-old existence, the authors consider that in dubio pro reo has managed to pass the test of time in the light of the splendid “justness” it incorporates in its content. Exactly from this perspective, the authors intend to emphasize its luxuriant color fan, extending to the whole “world” of Law, releasing it from the strict limitation of criminal area.
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The authors, examining the provisions of the Government Emergency Ordinance no. 51/2008 regarding legal public aid in civil matter, consider that, although this regulation does not comprise any provision regarding its incidence in relation to the payment of a security (due, according to art. 403 of the Romanian Civil Procedure Code, for suspension of the enforcement until settlement of the challenge to enforcement or of other application regarding enforcement), the rules and principles of the above-mentioned regulation also apply to the security mentioned, taking into consideration the provisions of art. 6 of the (European) Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, corroborated with the case law in the matter of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg.
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The present article analyzes, from a historical perspective, the debate concerning the export cartel debate from its birth in 1918 until today. There can be identified four different periods of the debate that revolve around the enactment of the Webb-Pomerene Act, the creation of the Bretton Woods institutions, the creation of the World Trade Organization and the July package decision of 1 July 2004. The article highlights the actors and the ideas that shaped the debate and the results that were obtained. While it is clear that the fairest solution to the issue of export cartels would be the prohibition of this practice, what is not clear is the path that would lead to the ban and the institutional framework that would support it afterwards. This paper thus proposes an approach for identifying the most affordable solution. It argues however that, before launching an institutionalized solution on export cartels, more in depths analysis is needed.
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La France a instauré dès 19641 un système d’organisation et de gestion de l’eau par bassin. La planification résulte de la loi de 19922 avec la création du Schéma directeur d’aménagement et de gestion des eaux (SDAGE) à l’échelle du bassin et du Schéma d’aménagement et de gestion des eaux (SAGE) par sous-bassin3. En application des diverses directives communautaires ou de politiques spécifiques (risques, assainissement), ces planifications de base sont complétées par des instruments de gestion, des mesures et des programmes, à l’échelle du district hydrographique, du sous-district hydrographique. Cette planification a été enrichie d’autres outils de planification, le plus souvent à une échelle plus localisée (zone d’inondations par exemple).
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The author, addressing the examination of important issues regarding the regulation of the right of public property in the new Civil Code (adopted by the Parliament, published on 24 July 2009, but not yet in force), makes a comparative analysis of the regulations in this field (quasi-inexistent in the current Civil Code since the year 1865) recorded in the Constitution of Romania (republished in October 2003) and in Law no. 213/1998 regarding public property and its legal system. In the end, the author makes several proposals regarding this latter law (after the new Romanian Civil Code – Law no. 287/2009 – becomes effective).
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Hungarian Police control the international transportation of passengers and goods passing through border crossing points according to various international treaties and contracts as well as the relevant Hungarian statutory instruments in force. According to these, personal, cargo and vehicle documents are checked. The proceedings and sanctions to be taken against those breaching international transportation regulations are defined in the legislation in force. Within the framework of the Road Transport Act1 there is the possibility of imposing a fine on the spot and impounding the vehicle until the fine is paid. In addition in the case of a vehicle containing livestock or perishable goods, the vehicle will be allowed to proceed following this check, but proceedings will be started against, and a fine will be imposed in the absence of the perpetrator.
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The enactment and coming into force of Law no. 221/2009 on political convictions and their related administrative measures, ruled during the period 6 March 1945-22 December 1989, generated a complex legal matter caused, in particular, by the lawmaker’s notion regarding the scope of application of the law, the scope of the persons benefiting of the special regulation and the stipulated civil procedural rules, derogatory from common law. From the perspective of the three ideas mentioned, the study aims at harmonizing the legal mechanism designed by the lawmaker, including through “de lege ferenda” proposals, for the purpose of achieving the deeply reparatory nature of the law towards persons oppressed for political reasons, during the communist period.
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The authors examine criminal matters regarding prohibited practices in the area of competition from a comparative perspective. The study refers to the competition law in the European Union, in some of its Member States, in the United States of America, as well as in Romania.
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The new Romanian Civil Code (Law no. 287/2009), voted by the Parliament, promulgated, and published (on 24 July 2009), but not yet in force, regulates the following matrimonial regimes: the regime of legal community; the regime of conventional community; the regime of separation of property. In this study, the regime of separation of property is examined, in the light of art. 360–365 and art. 370–372 of the new Civil Code. In this regard, the author examines the categories of property under the regime of separation of property; the personal property of the spouses, the common property per shares of the spouses; the use of one spouse’s property by the other spouse; the liability of spouses for the personal obligations.
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The examination of the constitutionality of the Government Emergency Ordinance no. 134/2005 has significant implications as regards the legality of the activity of one of the fundamental institutions of the State, which was established for the discovery and punishment of corruption actions. The authors intend to bring clarifications regarding this matter and the need to remove any doubts regarding the complete constitutionality of the AntiCorruption General Directorate.
