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Within every form of legal liability, the act inconsistent with the legal rules for which liability is engaged is qualified expressly by law. This study aims to analyze comparatively the offence and the contravention, regarded in the light of recent legislative influences, appeared in the field of criminal law. In order to achieve this intended objective, the structure of the material elaborated by the author envisages the following sequence: the historical evolution of the offence and of the contravention; the definition of the offence and of the contravention; the system of punishments and the sanctioning regime; other aspects of the legal regime of the offence and of the contravention. The analysis covers the following: the stage of legislation, the point of view of the doctrine, as well as the case-law. Finally, there are presented the conclusions reached as a result of this approach and there are formulated de lege ferenda proposals. -
Contractul de asistență juridică învestit cu formulă executorie, în condițiile legii, constituie titlu executoriu cu privire la restanțele din onorariu și alte cheltuieli efectuate de avocat în interesul clientului. Este nelegală executarea silită pornită pentru o sumă pe care creditoarea o apreciază ca fiind datorată cu titlu de prejudiciu pentru încălcarea obligațiilor contractuale. Creanța nu reprezintă o plată pentru o activitate profesională desfășurată de societatea de avocatură, ci o despăgubire pentru încălcarea clauzelor contractuale de către contestator, având astfel caracterul unei clauze penale. Din această perspectivă nu prezintă relevanță în ce măsură creditoarea putea desfășura activități de intermediere sportivă ori dacă putea pretinde debitorului executarea obligației garantate potrivit contractului de ipotecă mobiliară pentru o nerespectare a obligațiilor asumate în cazul unui transfer. Nu este permis ca prin convenția lor părțile să poată ca, sub denumirea de „onorariu”, să-și creeze un titlu executoriu pentru o creanță care în realitate este o despăgubire. -
The article presents the results of a research conducted in six European countries mainly on the analysis of the exceptional nature of preventive arrest within these jurisdictions. In this article there are presented the main results of the research conducted in Romania, research that was based on a series of interviews with judges, prosecutors and lawyers. The main areas investigated have concerned aspects such as the analysis of the decision-making process, the situation of the foreign citizens subject to preventive measures, the manner of application of alternative measures to preventive arrest, the analysis of the current criminal processual normative framework, as well as of the impact in the current practice of the European regulations, etc. The conclusions of the study are in the sense that in Romania there have been registered also some aspects representing progress in the sense of protection of the fundamental human rights in the cases where it is raised the question of taking some preventive measures in the criminal cases – such as the fact that the tendency, at least in terms of using the preventive arrest, is a decreasing one. However, major deficiencies have also been found, related to the organization of the initial and continuing training for magistrates, in the sense that they have been found to be unaware of judicial instruments important for their activity. It is precisely about instruments that are capable of improving the situation of foreign persons in relation to the state where it is raised the judicial matter – respectively the European Surveillance Order.
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Within this study, the authors intend to analyse the enforcement of judgments pronounced by the administrative disputes courts, in the light of the general provisions of the Civil Procedure Code and of the special provisions of the Law on administrative disputes No 554/2004, as well as of the case law in this matter. -
This study includes an analysis of the provisions of the new Criminal Procedure Code referring to the warrant for technical supervision when it concerns the financial transactions of a person in relation to the provisions of Article 153 on obtaining data concerning the financial situation, the utility and appropriateness of using the two institutions, as well as the comparative analysis in relation to the old regulations. The author also presents critical aspects with regard to these institutions, having in view the different interpretations given in the judicial practice, as well as de lege ferenda proposals. The study refers only to the data concerning the financial transactions of a natural or legal person related to a bank account and the subsequent operations. -
This study aims to identify the arguments for which, in the current legislative context, it is not admissible to order the sending of the case for retrial by the judgment pronounced on the application for annulment. The application for annulment, as a legal remedy, is regulated within the procedure of payment order. -
In this paper the author makes an analysis of the provisions relating to „Aggravated theft” (Article 229 of the Criminal Code), from the perspective of the comparative law and of the requirements of the principle of legality. There are emphasized a series of errors produced during the drafting of the text (setting an excessively large number of circumstantial elements, their arbitrary grouping, etc.) and, at the same time, there are presented some solutions to overcome the deficiencies. -
According to Article 172 (12) of the Criminal Procedure Code „After the finalisation of the fact-finding report, whenever the judicial body considers necessary the opinion of an expert or whenever the conclusions of the fact-finding report are contested, an expertise shall be ordered to be made.” This legal text is not correlated with the rest of the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code in force, nor with the other provisions of the previous codes, therefore, in the author’s opinion, this fact is likely to give rise to controversies. In a different line of ideas, the author argues that the legislator imposes as processual remedy that upon the finalization of the fact-finding report, in case its conclusions are only contested, to order an expertise to be conducted. This hypothesis is even more questionable as there is the possibility that the judicial body appreciates that the opinion of such an expert is not necessary. Thus, the legislator acts instead of the place of the judicial body in deciding on the admissibility of such means of evidence. Starting from such an inadvertence, in a given case, although the judicial body has concluded on the lack of utility and conclusiveness of an expertise, taking into account that one of the subjects to the trial, a defendant in this case, has contested the conclusions of some previous technical-scientific reports and even of an initial expertise report, both the prosecutor, during the phase of criminal prosecution, and the judge, during the phase of trial, had to admit, according to the text of the law, the contestation or the application of that subject to the trial respectively and thus to order an expertise to be conducted. The author believes that the mentioned text provision is also contrary to the contents of several normative acts that provide the independence of the judge and of the prosecutor in the activity of criminal investigation and in the phase of trial, as well as their exclusive competence to decide on the processual acts and measures, as the case is undergoing the phase of criminal prosecution, of preliminary chamber or of trial. Moreover, in support of the opinions which the author has expressed in this article, he also brings arguments of comparative law, showing that the analysis made has not identified legislations or points of view from other countries, convergent with the text of Article 172 (12) of the Criminal Procedure Code. In conclusion, for the reasons shown within this article, the author appreciates that it is required a reconsideration and reformulation of the text of Article 172 (12) of the Criminal Procedure Code from the legislator. -
Dispozițiile art. 44 alin. (3) C.pr.pen. reglementează un caz de prorogare legală a competenței, în sensul că infracțiunea de favorizare a făptuitorului este de competența instanței care judecă infracțiunea la care aceasta se referă, competența materială a infracțiunii corelative fiind câștigată mai înainte și independent de reunirea cauzelor. În acest context, dacă judecătorul de cameră preliminară care funcționează la judecătorie, fiind sesizat prin rechizitoriu cu judecarea unei infracțiuni de favorizare a făptuitorului – făptuitorul favorizat fiind judecat de către tribunal – verifică și menține măsura preventivă luată în faza urmăririi penale, violează dispozițiile relative la competența materială a instanțelor de judecată prevăzute sub sancțiunea nulității absolute, potrivit art. 281 alin. (1) lit. b) C.pr.pen. (cu notă critică). -
In this study, by analyzing the legal issues of the respect due to persons also after their death, the author, after proceeding to a comparative law examination in the matter, further makes a study of the Romanian legislation in the field under debate (mainly, Articles 78–81 of the new Romanian Civil Code, as well as other legal provisions written down in special laws, such as: the Law No 95/2006 on the reform in the field of healthcare, the Law No 104/2003 on handling of human dead bodies and removal of organs and tissues from the dead bodies in view of transplant and others). -
Aspecte introductive. Dispozițiile legale vizate direct de conținutul Deciziei Curții Constituționale nr. 405/20161 sunt art. 246 din Codul penal anterior și art. 297 din Codul penal în vigoare. Conform art. 246 din Codul penal din 1969: „Fapta funcționarului public, care, în exercițiul atribuțiilor sale de serviciu, cu știință, nu îndeplinește un act ori îl îndeplinește în mod defectuos și prin aceasta cauzează o vătămare intereselor legale ale unei persoane se pedepsește cu închisoare de la 6 luni la 3 ani.” -
In principle, except for the emergency situations, it is requested the consent from the parents in order to apply a medical treatment to the minor patient, being essential the minor’s interest and the protection of the minor, of his life and health. In the study there are analysed the legal consequences of having a medical malpractice case for the deed of a physician who, in some situations, applies to a minor patient who is part of the Religious Organization „Jehovah’s Witnesses”, a religious cult recognized by the law in Romania, a treatment based on the blood transfusion, provided that there is a refusal of the parents, who are Jehovah’s Witnesses, on religious grounds1. Jehovah’s Witnesses refuse the treatment based on transfusions of allogenic blood. It must be pointed out the difference between the major person, who is part of the Religious Organization „Jehovah’s Witnesses”, who refuses blood transfusion treatment, requesting treatments alternative to blood transfusion, based on the principle of self-determination and individual autonomy, and the situation involving a refusal of the treatment from the parent for the minor patient (who can not give an informed consent, either because he has no discernment, being under 14 years old, or because he is in the growing up process, 14–18 years old), who is sometimes in a medical condition with risks to his or her health or life, and the physician appeciates that medical treatment based on blood transfusion must be administered, even against the refusal of the minor’s parents, with risks of engaging his liability for medical malpractice.
