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Through this study, the author starts from the monistic regulation of the current Civil Code, raising for discussion the possibility of adopting a new Commercial Code, which should include all the essential regulations of the special laws in force, with regard to the legal relations in which those who pursue professional activities participate, regulations on the special status of the participants in the legal relations intended for professional activities, the trading companies and the trading professionals who are natural persons, regulations on the contracts and guarantees specific to professional activities (leasing contract, franchise contract, banking contracts and guarantees), regulations on credit titles, the regulation of the insolvency procedure, updated for all areas of professional activity.
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This study examines the problem of running of the period of extinctive prescription of the right to claim damages before the civil court, subsequently to the situation in which the prosecutor has issued an ordinance to dismiss, under the Criminal Procedure Code. -
In this study, by an inductive method, we will try to address the problem, the solution and the arguments that could be found in certain situations where there is a disagreement between the category of use of a land classified as forest and its actual legal situation, disagreement which unreasonably generates limitations of the right to build on the land in question. In case a land has mentioned in the title of property the category of use „Forest” (Pd), but this land does not actually meet the legal conditions provided by Articles 1, 2, 19 (1) and Article 20 (2) of the Law No 46/2008 on the Forest Code in order to be considered forest, in order to be part of the national forest fund and in order to be mandatorily subject to the regime of a forest arrangement, then this land must be considered only a land with forest vegetation outside the national forest fund or a simple land not subject in any way to the provisions of the Law No 46/2008 on the Forest Code, for which it is possible to request the change of the category of use according to Article 24 (1) and (2) of the Law No 46/2008 on the Forest Code.
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In the judicial doctrine and practice, the differences of opinion and the plurality of the proposed solutions are not only an inherent effect of a current, complex and moldable legal reality, but also a desideratum of identifying the correct way of interpreting the legal norms in force and of resolving the legal disputes brought to justice. One of the legal institutions specific to administrative law among the most disputed over the last three decades is the one aimed at legally empowering the courts of law to verify the way in which the public administration authorities exercise their discretionary power to assess the opportunity to issue/adopt administrative documents, as well as the identification of the limits and, possibly, of the exceptions that can be retained from the rule of judicial control over the activity of the public institutions. The analysis of the legal topic in question will consider the approach of some didactic, linguistic, grammatical and of legal analysis methods, integrated and synergistic, having as sole finality the clarification of the meaning and of the limits, objective and subjective, of the right of appreciation and of the discretionary power which the public institutions benefit from. Therefore, it is required, in the beginning, to reveal the polyvalent meaning, attributed in the ordinary language to the notion „opportunity”, semantics that will be the basis for identifying the legal guarantees inherent to the process of exercising by the public administration authorities of the right to assess the time and appropriate means of issuance/adoption of the administrative acts. In the present study, without pretending to exhaust the issues presented above and to put an end to the long differences of opinion that it has caused, we intend to identify the various opinions expressed in the specialized literature, to provide a systematic interpretation of the various solutions adopted by the courts of law and, finally, to propose a viable and pertinent solution to the legal issue under discussion, offering logical-legal arguments and of teleological interpretation of the various competing legal norms, incidental in this legal matter. We intend to offer, through the conclusions of this study, a valuable and applied tool to practitioners in the field of administrative law, in identifying possible answers to complex and elaborate questions, involved by the activity of resolving the legal disputes brought to court with such an object. -
The following study critically analyzes the civil liability of the civil servants. It is estimated that it is about a contractual liability, however different from the patrimonial liability and from the material liability, regulated in the case of employees, respectively of the military and of other categories of personnel. The cases of civil liability of the civil servants are presented, as well as the conditions of this form of liability. Special attention is paid to the procedure of reparation of damages (imputation order or disposition and the payment commitment), including with regard to the former civil servants. Key words: payment commitment; authority; public institution; imputation decision/disposition/order; illicit deed; civil servant; obligation of restitution; injury; civil liability; material liability; patrimonial liability; guilt.
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The new Civil Code, unlike the old Code, includes a quasi-complete provision on the invalidity of the contract based on the fundamental distinction between absolute invalidity and relative invalidity. Invalidity - either absolute or relative - can be both complete and partial. Regardless of its form or the way it is established or in which it operates, partial invalidity may appear either as an explicit invalidity, therefore, in the form of clauses declared null or voidable or, more recently, either in the form of clauses deemed unwritten, or as tacit invalidity (obviously partial). In terms of terminology, the phrase or formula “clauses deemed unwritten” is an easy, therefore practical way to designate certain ancillary unlawful clauses which are automatically void. Ratione temporis, partial invalidity, regardless of its form, is and shall remain subject to the law in force at the date of conclusion of the contract and not to the law in force at the date the invalidity was determined or that when the contract was cancelled and neither subject to the law in force at the date the parties are reinstated to the previous status. -
The present study comprehensively examined the Land Book Registration Prescription issue in the new Romanian Civil Code (Law no. 287/2009, which has entered into force on 1 October 2011), stressing in particular, the matters of substantive law as well as the provisional (inter-temporal) law and the correlation between Land Book Registration Prescription issues and the principle of land book material publicity. -
The study discusses in a precise manner and with a careful observation of the perception of the judicial practice on this issue how it is possible or how one should proceed to the verification of the legality of the probative procedures in the preliminary chamber phase. At the same time, with pertinent doctrinal arguments, the author of the study proposes an extension of the limits of verification of the legality of the probative procedures and with regard to the validity of the authorization issued by a judge of rights and liberties during the criminal investigation phase.
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Potrivit art. 246 C.pen., fapta de a îndepărta, prin constrângere sau corupere, un participant de la o licitație publică ori înțelegerea între participanți pentru a denatura prețul de adjudecare se pedepsește cu închisoarea de la unu la 5 ani. Conform art. 244 alin. (1) C.pen., inducerea în eroare a unei persoane prin prezentarea ca adevărată a unei fapte mincinoase sau ca mincinoasă a unei fapte adevărate, în scopul de a obține pentru sine sau pentru altul un folos patrimonial injust și dacă s-a pricinuit o pagubă, se pedepsește cu închisoarea de la 6 luni la 3 ani. Articolul 25 alin. (3) C.pr.pen. prevede că instanța, chiar dacă nu există constituire de parte civilă, se pronunță cu privire la desființarea totală sau parțială a unui înscris sau la restabilirea situației anterioare săvârșirii infracțiunii (cu notă parțial aprobativă).
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The expertise, object of analysis of the present article, constitutes an evidence whose administration is frequently encountered in the judicial practice in civil matters, being imposed in order to clarify some factual circumstances through the specialized contribution of an expert. Thanks to its high degree of precision in determining the factual circumstances of the litigious situation, the expertise is one of the most edifying evidence administered in a trial, being necessary, as such, a thorough knowledge of its legal regime, but also of the issues that envisage the specialization of the expert appointed to carry out the expertise and set its objectives.
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This study analyzes the consequences of the intervention of a more favourable retroactive contraventional law (in a broad sense) both in terms of substantive law and in terms of the procedural instruments which establish the intervention of this norm. Analyzing the incidental legislation in the light of the provisions of the criminal law, which constitutes the „general law” in the interpretation of the rules of the material contraventional law, according to the provisions of Article 47 of the Government Ordinance No 2/2001, we came to the conclusion that both the decontraventionalisation law and the more favourable contraventional law operate by law, the bodies with attributions in contraventional matters “noting”, and not “pronouncing” the effects generated by the intervention of the more favourable law in a broad sense. This conclusion transposed at procedural level required a concrete analysis of the procedural institutions by which the effects of the retroactive law are taken into account depending on the procedural moment in which it intervenes.
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The state of emergency is one of the two exceptional measures regulated by the Romanian Constitution and by the Government Emergency Ordinance No 1/1999. It is a set of exceptional measures of a political, economic nature and of the nature of public order instituted when there is a serious danger for the national security and the functioning of constitutional democracy. Another legal reason to declare a state of emergency is to avoid a calamity or to exhaust the effects of a disaster. Inevitably, the measures adopted during the state of emergency lead to the restriction of the exercise of certain rights and freedoms, which is why constitutional and legal guarantees must be ensured in order for this restriction not to be abusive. The state of emergency is established for a period of maximum 30 days by decree of the President of Romania. The measures ordered by decree must be approved by the Parliament within a period of maximum 5 days. Contradictory opinions have been expressed in the doctrine regarding the legal nature of the decree of the President of Romania and of the acts issued pursuant to this decree (military ordinances and orders). Recently, the constitutional contentious court and the administrative contentious courts have ruled on the legal nature of administrative acts issued under the state of emergency. The next step in the evolution of this problem should be the reform of the normative framework regarding the exceptional states in accordance with the current provisions of the Basic Law, with the constant case law of the constitutional contentious court and, last but not least, with the approaches of some similar European regulations.
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Cloud Computing is considered one of the most significant advances in information technology. Specialists agree that in a matter of a few years, almost all data will be in the Cloud. The field of digital forensics has grown rapidly over the last decade due to the rise of the Internet associated crimes and different frauds. Cloud forensics is the process of identifying, preserving, analyzing and presenting digital evidence in a manner that is legally acceptable. Traditional computer forensics consists in collecting data where the system is located. Cloud forensics is difficult because there are challenges with data location, multi-tenant hosting, synchronization problems and techniques for data segregation. In this paper we focus on the different stages of a Cloud Computing forensic search. For each phase of the Cloud forensic process, we have included a list of challenges and analysis of their possible solutions. Our research indicates that some problems are technical and others are legal, however the biggest challenges are not technical but legal.
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The study is devoted to the institution of civil tort liability, namely the matter of reparable prejudices, with a special look at the special assumption of liability consisting in the damage to the right to one’s own image, as a right of the human personality. The analysis has as its starting point the presentation of a case-law solution, whereby the court has awarded civil damages for non-property prejudices caused by committing an illegal act, consisting in the launching, without the consent of the complainant, on a social networking site of wide circulation – Facebook, of a blog for public debates about his professional work, in which he has used his image, without obtaining prior consent. As objectives of our research, we have established the conditions for the reparable prejudices under the tort liability, followed by an analysis of the special liability assumption by bringing prejudice to the right to one’s own image, as right of personality. In the realization of the study, through the results obtained, we have found that this way of approaching the topic by presenting a case study followed by a doctrinal analysis can be a useful tool for theoreticians, but also for the practitioners of law, in achieving the topicality and complexity of the problems, from the perspective of the legal discourse of the controversial issues, as well as of the didactic one. -
According to the title of this study, the author carries out a thorough analysis of the legal institution of acquisitive prescription in the new Romanian Civil Code (Law no. 287/2009), a Code adopted by the Parliament (but not yet in force) in relation to the same legal institution, as it is legally configured in the Civil Code still in force (since 1865). -
Assuming the many relationships between cybercrimes stipulated by Law no. 161/2003 and Law no. 365/2002, as well as between those and criminalization under the Criminal Code in force, the author seeks an analysis which could highlight the concerns that may arise in this context. Also, given the applicability title various criminal provisions acquire in a particular concurrence of skills, the author found it necessary to identify the specific indictment’s wording to be applied first, based on an analytical process. These findings were also analyzed with regard to the provisions of the new Criminal Code, verifying whether the new regulations preserve or not the concerns identified within current legislation. Last but not least, reasoning used in the literature in the matter was considered as well as the judicial practice solutions to see how they have resulted in the appropriate identification of the indictment’s wording applicable. -
Despite its frequent recall, in legislation, jurisprudence and doctrine, the concept of “public order” is not only a vague, poorly determined and content-variable one, but also among the most controversial ones. Hereinafter, the authors of this study are trying to submit to the attention some of its characteristic traits, and then to provide some guidelines with regard to the implementation ex officio of “reasons of public order” by the Court for judicial review in the lawsuit. -
The article proposes solutions in the case of concurrence between the reopening of the criminal trial in case of judgment in the absence of convicted person and the resumption of the time limit for appeal, and after an analysis of the two procedures and a comparative analysis of the ordinary and extraordinary means of appeal, it concludes that the reopening of the criminal trial is an extraordinary means of appeal.
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The most controversial aspect in the criminal judicial practice, in the situation of invoking the plea of relative nullity of a criminal processual act, is to prove the existence of a processual injury and, related thereto, to prove the sufficient seriousness of the injury caused to the party or to the main processual subject which justifies the cancellation of the act. Most of the times, the party or the subject that invokes the nullity is put in the extremely difficult position to persuade the judicial body that processual injury is sufficiently serious to justify the drastic sanction of nullity. That is why we have considered that it is required a thorough assessment with regard to the standard of probation of injury, of proving the sufficient seriousness of the injury suffered in order to bring about the sanction of nullity. The conclusion we have reached is that the processual injury suffered is sufficient to bring about the sanction of nullity when the violation of the processual rights or guarantees of the parties or of the subjects puts them in the position to no longer be able to defend themselves with the same chance they would have defended themselves if their processual rights had not been infringed.
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This study presents a possible legislative incoherence, generated by the current form of Article 130 (3) of the Civil Procedure Code, concerning the invocation of the lack of competence of private order of the courts, which may lead to the situation of an incompetent court hearing a request, an abnormal situation in the conduct of a civil legal procedure.
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Having regard to the number of judgments delivered in the field of property and of expropriation against Romania by the European Court of Human Rights, it is necessary to present the relevant principles which this court has set out, principles which the national judge is bound to observe and to apply to concrete cases, in accordance with the provisions of Article 20 of the Constitution. The principles not correlated with actual examples would be devoid of content, therefore the presentation of the most important examples on the basis of the state of fact emphasizes the correct reasoning of the Court, the more so as it has a limited competence to verify the compliance with the domestic law1, attribution which is the responsibility of the national judge.
