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In this study, after a brief introduction on parental rights and obligations, the author examines, in the light of the legislation currently in force (Family Code – amended by Law no. 288/2007, and Laws no. 272/2004 and no. 273/ 2004), and in the light of the future Romanian Civil Code (published on July 24, 2009 but not yet into force), the status of parental rights and obligations, provided that the child has been legally entrusted to other persons, discussing, in this manner, with priority, the extent to which the parents are entitled to provide their consent to the marriage of their child (if the child is a minor) or to his/her adoption. -
The criminal offence of compromising the interests of justice, according to the new regulation, refers in particular to the respect and authority that needs to be attached to the performance of the act of justice, and such performance is protected by criminal law in two manners, both as regards the criminal offences committed by persons from outside the judicial system in the capacity of unqualified active subjects, and against the “abuses” of any nature committed, on the one hand, by the persons called to perform the act of justice and, on the other hand, by the public servants who, as a result of their work duties, learn about the producing of any evidence, the existence of any means of proof or official documents, which, by their disclosure or revealing, could obstruct or prevent the criminal proceeding, or could influence the order of a solution in the criminal proceeding stage.
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The continuous evolution of the social-economic life and the diversification of the forms of action of criminal groups have required, both as regards criminal offences and domestically, the regulation of the criminal liability of the legal entity. Since crime, in general and economic-financial crime, in particular, is continuously growing, the indictment of the legal entity as active subject of the criminal offence was considered useful. The Romanian lawmaker also did this, first, by amending the Criminal Code in operation by means of Law no. 278/ 2006 and then by drafting a new Criminal Code, according to the European democratic legislation. Given the importance of this institution for the Romanian criminal legislation, we considered useful to make a demanding radiography of this issue.
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The criminal offences against the safety of railway traffic are provided for in the new Criminal Code under Title VII “Criminal Offences against Public Safety”, Chapter I. Taking into account the critical observations expressed in our doctrine, starting with the year 2006, the lawmaker has amended and supplemented both two criminal offences as regards their names, and the content of the others. Regarding the content of criminal offences, we mention that the amendments made refer both to the capacity of active subject and to that of passive subject, which this time may belong to the employees of both State-owned and private-owned operators. Nevertheless, when identifying the most important social values and, subsequently, protecting them by means of criminal law rules, the lawmaker did not take into consideration the current legislation, both domestic and of the European Union regarding the safety of railway traffic and transports. Thus, the most important European and domestic regulations in this field, which had to be taken into consideration in the activity of legal individualization of criminal law penalties, are the Directive 2004/49/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 (the Railway Safety Directive) and Law no. 55/2006 on railway safety. The critical observations and the proposals made by the author refer precisely to the need to adapt the Romanian railway safety legislation to the European Union legislation.
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According to the title of this study, the author carries out a thorough analysis of the legal institution of acquisitive prescription in the new Romanian Civil Code (Law no. 287/2009), a Code adopted by the Parliament (but not yet in force) in relation to the same legal institution, as it is legally configured in the Civil Code still in force (since 1865).
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HOTÃRÂREA NR. 1 privind aprobarea RAPORTULUI DE ACTIVITATE AL CONSILIULUI U.N.B.R. (între Congresul avocaţilor 2009 şi Congresul avocaţilor 2010) Congresul Avocaţilor întrunit la 17 iunie 2010 în localitatea Mamaia, jud. Constanţa, constituit în conformitate cu dispoziţiilor art. 59 alin. (1) din Legea nr. 51/1995 pentru organizarea şi exercitarea profesiei de avocat, vãzând dispoziţiile art. 61 alin. (1) lit. a) din Legea nr. 51/1995 pentru organizarea şi exercitarea profesiei de avocat, dupã analiza şi dezbaterea Raportului de activitate al Consiliului U.N.B.R. (între Congresul avocaţilor 2009 şi Congresul avocaţilor 2010) astfel cum acesta a fost supus dezbaterii Corpului profesional al avocaţilor, începând cu data de 07 iunie 2010, afişat pe website-ul (www.unbr.ro), comunicat prin poşta electronicã la toate barourile şi, prin grija acestora, comunicat membrilor Congresului în forma prevãzutã de art. 14 alin. (5) din Regulamentul de organizare şi funcţionare a U.N.B.R. şi de desfãşurare a şedinţelor Consiliului U.N.B.R.,
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Prezentul Raport sintetizeazã activitatea Consiliului Uniunii Naţionale a Barourilor din România (în continuare U.N.B.R.) pânã la data întocmirii sale – 01 iunie 2010. Raportul nu poate şi nu are pretenţia de a evoca toate problemele rezolvate în mod curent de Consiliul U.N.B.R. şi organele profesiei subordonate acestuia (Comisia Permanentã a U.N.B.R. şi Preşedintele U.N.B.R.). Congresul avocaţilor este chemat sã decidã dacã în perioada analizatã Consiliul U.N.B.R şi-a îndeplinit obligaţiile şi şi-a exercitat drepturile prevãzute de Legea nr. 51/ 1995 pentru organizarea şi exercitarea profesiei de avocat (în continuare, Legea) şi Statutul profesiei de avocat, în conformitate cu hotãrârile Congresului precedent.
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În condiþiile în care nu existã, în prezent, dispoziþii general aplicabile în legislaþia privind circulaþia juridicã a terenurilor, care sã reglementeze dreptul de preemþiune ca o condiþie de nulitate a actului de înstrãinare încheiat cu încãlcarea acestui drept, legiuitorul a lãsat în atributul legilor speciale sã reglementeze dreptul de preemþiune, în funcþie de natura juridicã a bunului. În cazul arendei, la data încheierii contractului de arendã, ca ºi în prezent, dreptul de preemþiune nu este reglementat de lege ca un impediment legal în transmiterea cãtre o altã persoanã a dreptului de proprietate, ci ca un drept contractual al arendaºului.
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În versiunea originalã a Convenţiei (europene) pentru apãrarea drepturilor omului şi a libertãţilor fundamentale (în continuare denumitã Convenţia), moartea nu putea fi cauzatã unei persoane în mod intenţionat, decât în executarea unei sentinţe capitale pronunţate de un tribunal pentru o infracţiune sancţionatã prin lege cu o asemenea pedeapsã. Astfel, pedeapsa cu moartea nu era interzisã, cu condiţia respectãrii principiului legalitãţii, aceasta şi datoritã faptului cã în acel timp (data semnãrii, respectiv data intrãrii în vigoare a acestui document), în majoritatea statelor membre ale Consiliului Europei pedeapsa cu moartea era stipulatã în legislaţiile penale interne2.
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Chile stands out in Latin-America because its economic growth has resulted in a progressive decrease in poverty and marginality levels. Chile’s unique strides in economic growth have made room for increasingly dignified lives for its people. Along with this improvement in the standard of living, there has been a more thorough exercise of human rights. The normative groundwork for this successful economic model is located in the Constitución Política de la República de 1980, the 1980 Constitution, which contains an economic public order based on two elements – 1) the exercise of personal liberty and 2) the subsidiary role of the State.
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In essence, the article emphasizes the inconsistent practice of the courts, as regards the consequences of changing the legal classification of the criminal offence – the subject matter of the judgment – by indictment, an action of initiating proceedings before the court, on the means of appeal in the criminal trial. The legal matter under discussion takes into consideration the impact of the provisions of art. 361, paragraph 1, letter a) of the Criminal Procedure Code and of art. 3851 paragraph 1, letter d1 of the Criminal Procedure Code, according to which the judgments regarding criminal offences for which the initiation of criminal procedure is carried out following the preliminary complaint of the injured person cannot be challenged with an appeal, but only with a second appeal . Thus, in relation to the new legal classification of the criminal offence – the subject matter of the judgment – the means of appeal that can be used in such criminal cases must be established. In our opinion, in case of changing the legal classification, the legal classification given to the criminal offence – the subject matter of the judgment – by the court whose decision is subject to judicial review is decisive in establishing the means of appeal.
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The challenge on enforcement does not refer to the merits of the judgment of conviction, but it is directed against its enforcement and, for this reason, its completion consists in eliminating the illegal matters occurring in the enforcement or during the enforcement of the judgment. The probation service attached to the tribunal has no competence to file a challenge on enforcement with the court of law for reasons of illegality occurred during the surveillance of the person convicted and, in particular, for matters related to the personal interests of the convict. If, during the surveillance, problems or interests of the convict occur that prevent the convict from appearing on the dates scheduled, the probation service has the competence to examine the reasons invoked and revise the initially scheduled surveillance plan.
