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The confession or the recognition has a mixed legal nature; it is primarily a means of evidence, but it also represents an act of disposition of the party that gives the confession. The legislator of the new Civil Procedure Code distinguishes between the probative force of the legal confession and the probative force of the extrajudicial confession, so that, in relation to the provisions of Article 349 (1) and of Article 350 (1) of the mentioned normative act, the two types of confession are no longer on the same level. The extrajudicial confession is left at the discretion of the judge and it may be challenged by the contrary evidence. Instead, the judicial confession is full proof against the person who gave the confession. -
The study tries to outline the concept of misuse of law as it is regulated in the new Romanian Civil Procedure Code, starting from the regulations of novelty introduced by the new Civil Code. Recognized in the case-law and in the doctrine as a phenomenon inherent to the exercise of the subjective rights, the misuse of law appears better outlined on procedural level, unlike the substantive law, both with regard to its constitutive elements and the conditions in which it can be found and in respect of the sanctions that may appear. Even if the regulation of the new Civil Procedure Code is wider, a series of discussions raise, further on, the issue of misuse of law in the matter of the right of action under the terms of express sanctioning for bringing, in bad faith, an application for summons or for exercising an obviously unfounded judicial remedy.
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In this study, the author analyzes the provisions of the Romanian Civil Code (the Law No 287/2009) referring to the matrimonial convention (Articles 329–338 and Articles 366–369). Therefore, there are examined the provisions on: the notion; the principles of the matrimonial convention; the legal characters; the conclusion of the convention – the conditions on the substance and the form of the convention; the date of conclusion and the date from which it produces effects; the caducity, the simulation and the nullity of the matrimonial convention; the object of the convention; the publicity of the convention and its amendment.
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The Romanian Labour Code (the Law No 53/2003, republished on 18 May 2011) provides, in Article 38, that „Employees may not waive the rights recognized to them by law. Any transaction which aims at waiving the rights recognised by law for the employees or at limiting such rights shall be null.” The author starts from the premise that this legal text, which could also be found in the previous Labour Code (Law No 10/1972), should be reconsidered, however, in the light of the social order of today, of the principles and of the requirements of the market economy and of the dynamics of the labour relations and of the labour market. Considering the above, the author formulates, in accordance with the Romanian labour law doctrine as well, a flexible interpretation of Article 38 of the Labour Code, also taking into account a series of texts of the new Romanian Civil Code, which entered into force on 1 October 2011, by rallying, at the same time, to a number of de lege ferenda proposals elaborated in the labour law doctrine over the last years.
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The author of this study, starting from the premise that both the employees of public authorities/institutions (who carry on their activity based on an individual labour contract), as well as the civil servants of these budgetary structures (who carry on their activity based on a job relation) have a legal labour relation each, comes to the conclusion that the present jurisdictional system regarding the labour conflicts (the disputes) of the two categories of personnel mentioned (the labour conflicts of the employees of the public authorities/institutions are settled by the labour jurisdiction courts, while the same type of cases, in case of civil servants, fall within the jurisdiction of administrative disputes courts) is obviously unnatural and discriminatory. This being the case, it is proposed the unification of the jurisdiction in this respect, in the sense that both for the employees of the public authorities/institutions and for the civil servants in their service, the competence to settle the labour conflicts is going to pertain to the labour jurisdiction courts.
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In this study, the author makes a presentation of the Romanian legislation and case-law, of the European case-law (the European Court of Human Rights), of some regulations of the European legislation, as well as of some provisions of the Constitution of France and of Belgium, all concerning the protection of human dignity and reputation of the individual.
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Within this article, the author makes an analysis of the main provisions of the Hague Convention of 1985 on the law applicable to trusts and on their recognition. In the context of introducing in the Romanian civil law the legal operation of fiducia, achieved by the provisions of Articles 773–791 of the Civil Code of 2009, Romania’s accession to the Hague Convention would be a natural step that the Romanian legislator should take in the near future. Although some of the provisions of the Hague Convention have been taken, tale quale, within the provisions of private international law relating to the fiducia, the accession to the Hague Convention and its introduction into the Romanian internal law, would lead to expanding the scope of practical application of the legal instrument of the fiducia itself.
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In this study, the authors have chosen to present and to analyze the criminal law institution of the conditional release because, as practitioners, more than once, they came to discover a different application thereof, a different approach of the criteria laid down by this institution and even a difference of opinions within the assessment of the opportuneness of ordering this measure by the judges of the same court, this generating an uneven practice with regard to the application of the same rule of criminal law.
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The offences regulated by the Law No 31/1990 on companies form a domain relatively less explored by the criminal law specialists and quasi-unexplored by the civil law specialists. In this study, the authors deal with those offences grouped within Article 272 of the above-mentioned law. These offences have a few specific elements. First, assuming there is a legal rule, the active subject is qualified, that is a person holding a certain quality of company member. Secondly, for two of the offences, the assumption of criminal rule is another rule, of the company law, to which the criminal law rule refers. By the fact that there is a situation such as the latter, but also because the assumptions of the other offences provided in Article 272 are part of the company law, first it is the duty of the civil law specialist to decode the meaning of the material rule, because a rigid application of the purely criminal vision in a field of the private law can lead to wrong conclusions, with serious consequences on the subjects of the offences. But, in order to cover the entire interpretative area, the same consideration must be given, according to the authors, to the criminal matters as well, where the role of the criminal law specialist steps in, so that the reader – either a civil law specialist or a criminal law specialist – forms a proper idea about a far too little investigated field.
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The article presents the special cases where the defendant benefits from the mitigating effects of the abbreviated procedure, appreciating that they must also be extended in case the application for judgment has been rejected according to the abbreviated procedure, because the defendant did not recognize all the material acts in the indictment or all the deeds described therein, but after performing the judicial investigation the court retains the factual situation recognized by the defendant.
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Dispozițiile art. 44 alin. (3) C.pr.pen. reglementează un caz de prorogare legală a competenței, în sensul că infracțiunea de favorizare a făptuitorului este de competența instanței care judecă infracțiunea la care aceasta se referă, competența materială a infracțiunii corelative fiind câștigată mai înainte și independent de reunirea cauzelor. În acest context, dacă judecătorul de cameră preliminară care funcționează la judecătorie, fiind sesizat prin rechizitoriu cu judecarea unei infracțiuni de favorizare a făptuitorului – făptuitorul favorizat fiind judecat de către tribunal – verifică și menține măsura preventivă luată în faza urmăririi penale, violează dispozițiile relative la competența materială a instanțelor de judecată prevăzute sub sancțiunea nulității absolute, potrivit art. 281 alin. (1) lit. b) C.pr.pen. (cu notă critică).
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În cazul în care prin acțiunea introductivă promitentul-cumpărător a solicitat numai restituirea avansului achitat în temeiul antecontractului de vânzare-cumpărare și dobânda legală aferentă, nesolicitând și constatarea intervenirii pactului comisoriu expres stipulat de părțile contractante cu consecința repunerii părților în situația anterioară sau rezoluțiunea judiciară a convenției, în temeiul art. 1020–1021 C.civ., este lipsit de fundament juridic demersul său, astfel cum a fost formulat, deoarece numai în caz de desființare a convenției se poate dispune obligarea părții în privința căreia angajamentul nu s-a executat la daune-interese. (Înalta Curte de Casație și Justiție, Secția a II-a civilă, Decizia nr. 3261 din 24 octombrie 2014)
