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Despite the extraordinary multiplication and pertinent diversification of environmental protection regulations, at national, regional (EU) and international level, the efficiency and effectiveness of environmental law norms still remain a desideratum. Their level of achievement is insufficient and different from one country to another, being particularly low and, consequently, representing a problem that should be a priority in Romania. The causes of the situation are profound and diverse (being related to the non-perception and non-expression of the specifics of the matter at all stages and at all levels of the legal phenomenon), and its solving involves a „true legal revolution and a reconsideration of the new branch of law”. The ways to overcome the impasse include, in addition to adapting the legislation and promoting appropriate legal tools and mechanisms, also the establishment of specialized jurisdictions and the specialization of persons involved in the functioning of the environmental process. The topic approached by the author is of increased interest as long as the first institutional steps in this direction are being taken in Romania as well. -
Confusing subject of study for a jurist, humanity is an evasive notion because it manifests itself in the individual but is, at the same time, external to it; it claims universality but the way each one looks at is as specific as each one. Myth or legal symbol, „humanity” is a term with variable content, both in the common and the legal language, because, at the same time, it represents the human essence, the goodness but also the race, the human species. The various meanings are indissolubly linked because they are intertwined, so that the „individual” humanity, the one that each individual carries himself, is inseparable from the „collective” humanity, the human community. This together construction results from legal instruments which reflect the ambivalence of the concept, the crime against humanity is, at the same time, a crime against the human essence and a crime against the human race, as its constituent elements demonstrate. Through time, humanity has born and fed contradictory legal discourses, so in international law it is more than a „concept slogan”, because its influence is tangible, but nonetheless, humanity has not simplified the international legal order but has made it even more complex.
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In the context of the express consecration of the protection of non-patrimonial rights also for the legal persons, according to Article 257 of the Civil Code, it becomes useful to analyze the evolution of the practice in the matter of repairing the non-patrimonial damage caused to the legal persons. Also, the historical perspective of the notion of moral damages, the procedural means and the relevant jurisprudence of the ECHR allow us to place this issue today, concluding that the principles of the tort civil liability apply to each case, depending on the proven factual evidence, but also on the diversity of the legal persons, on the variety of their objectives.
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The expertise, object of analysis of the present article, constitutes an evidence whose administration is frequently encountered in the judicial practice in civil matters, being imposed in order to clarify some factual circumstances through the specialized contribution of an expert. Thanks to its high degree of precision in determining the factual circumstances of the litigious situation, the expertise is one of the most edifying evidence administered in a trial, being necessary, as such, a thorough knowledge of its legal regime, but also of the issues that envisage the specialization of the expert appointed to carry out the expertise and set its objectives.
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This study aimed to develop a theoretical analysis configured in the matrix of a critical examination on the rulings of the Constitutional Court of Romania contained in the Decision No 702/2019. To this end, there were examined the conclusions promoted by the constitutional contentious court, which applied, in support of its point of view, the principle of equal treatment, constitutional rule, as well as of proportionality, praetorian construction, promoted by the case law, from which it resulted that, from a legal perspective, the disabled pensioners who acquired this legal condition based on the Law No 19/2000 will benefit from the application of the correction index regulated by the Law No 263/2010, if at the time of the ex officio transformation of the invalidity pension into an old-age pension the latter law was in force.
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The following study has as research and reflection theme the influence of force majeure on labour relations, determined, in particular, by the legal norms specially adopted in the context of the existence of the pandemic caused by the spread of the SARS-COV-2 coronavirus. There are defined the force majeure, and its specificity is presented, taking into account the regulation of the Civil Code [Article 1351 (2)], as well as relevant doctrinal theories. Next, what is the essence of this stage, there are presented and analyzed the consequences of force majeure, especially consisting of the afore-mentioned pandemic, namely with regard to: forced labour, employment in public institutions and authorities, duration of labour relation, individualized work schedules and overtime work, change of place and type of work, suspension of labour relations, notice periods, patrimonial liability, collective labour agreements and labour disputes. The study ends with the conclusions on the analyzed problems.
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The objectives of this study are to detect the situations that require the temporary exercise of the duties of the mayor by other persons and to examine the specific legal forms to be adopted in such situations. Specifically, these legal forms consist in the legal replacement of the mayor by the deputy mayor and the delegation of his attributions to one of the local councillors appointed by the local council. In the research undertaken, the particularities of the two legal forms of temporary exercise of the attributions of the mayor were emphasized, some procedural aspects regarding their adoption, as well as their consequences in terms of legal liability.
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Starting from the idea that the purpose of legislation, of law in general is to defend the human being by preventing, discovering and combating any dangers that could affect or influence it, as well as from current realities that have changed and continue to change the normal functioning of the social system, we carried out this study in the hope that the opinions and solutions expressed could be taken into account by the legislator in the event of amending the Criminal Code as regards the crimes related to sexual life. Therefore, the analysis, opinions and proposals formulated took into account the normative framework in Romania in the matter of crimes regarding the protection of freedom and sexual integrity of the person, by reference to the criminal legislation in force, making reference also to certain aspects existing in the previous one, as well as by reference to the provisions of the international conventions to which our country is a party. In this paper we also consider the fact that the current national criminal law, although subject to amendments, remains incomplete and must be amended and supplemented so as to comply with the minimum mandatory provisions of Directive 2011/92/EU to ensure the protection of minors against any form of sexual abuse.
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Executarea pedepsei închisorii se face în locuri de detenție special amenajate, pentru a se asigura atât rolul sancționator al pedepsei, cât mai ales, cel educativ, apt să conducă la reeducarea celor condamnați. Din nefericire, condițiile degradante de detenție din multe penitenciare românești au fost ignorate de puterile legiuitoare și executivă din România. Deși este o problemă de zeci de ani, mare parte a societății civile a rămas în pasivitate sub acest aspect, fapt ce, poate, oglindește nepăsarea multor români față de modul de executare a pedepselor penale, privative de libertate.
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În cauza dedusă judecății apelantul a susținut că nu se justifică măsura evacuării sale din locuință, întrucât această măsură îl împiedică să participe la anumite evenimente din viața fiicei sale și să păstreze relațiile personale cu aceasta. Însă atât timp cât aceste relații nu au fost interzise de către o instanță judecătorească, iar autoritatea părintească este exercitată în continuare, în comun, de către ambii părinți, în mod egal, conform art. 503 alin. (1) C.civ., tatăl apelant nu este afectat în exercitarea drepturilor și obligațiilor părintești, decât în mică parte, prin măsura evacuării din locuința familiei, întrucât există multe alte modalități pe care le are la dispoziție pentru menținerea relațiilor cu minora, chiar și în această perioadă în care este instituită starea de urgență. (Tribunalul Galați, Decizia civilă nr. 229 din 27 aprilie 2020, definitivă).
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Potrivit prevederilor art. 60 alin. (1) lit. c) din Codul muncii și art. 21 alin. (1) lit. a) din Ordonanța de urgență a Guvernului nr. 96/2003, interdicția temporară de concediere a salariatei gravide se aplică numai în situația în care angajatorul avea cunoștință la data emiterii deciziei de concediere despre starea de graviditate a salariatei concediate. Deși art. 272 din Codul muncii prevede că sarcina probei în litigiile de muncă revine angajatorului, dovada faptului pozitiv al informării prealabile cade în sarcina salariatei gravide care contestă faptul negativ invocat de angajator că nu a luat cunoștință de starea de graviditate anterior concedierii.
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Luarea măsurii recoltării de probe biologice de la inculpatul condamnat, chiar și pentru una dintre infracțiunile indicate expres în anexa la Legea nr. 76/2008 privind organizarea și funcționarea Sistemului Național de Date Genetice Judiciare (în continuare S.N.D.G.J.), în vederea determinării profilului genetic și înscrierii în S.N.D.G.J. este o măsură facultativă.
